Cologne 26-Oct-2003

The article below, to my mind, throws into the sharpest relief the
use-lessness and a-political nature of philosophy, i.e. the disjuncture
of (ontological) thinking and (ontic) politics. This disjuncture is the
out-of-jointness of the world, its Un-Fug, a-dikia, an uncanny
Un-Gerechtigkeit, in-justice. Woe to those who try to paper over the
disjuncture between thinking and politics.

Recall the astounding remark in Heidegger's Gelassenheit-speech in
Messkirch in 1955:

"... befindet sich die Mensch auf dieser Erde in einer gefaehrlichen
Lage. Weshalb? Nur deshalb, weil unversehens ein dritter Weltkrieg
ausbrechen koennte, der die voellige Vernichtung der Menschheit und die
Zerstoerung der Erde zur Folge haette? Nein. Es droht im anbrechenden
Atomzeitalter eine weit groessere Gefahr -- gerade dann, wenn die Gefahr
eines dritten Weltkrieges beseitigt ist."

"... humans on earth are in a dangerous situation. Why? Only because
suddenly a third world war could break out that could lead to the
complete annihilation of humankind and the destruction of the earth? No.
In the dawning atomic age, a far greater danger threatens, precisely
when the danger of a third world war has been eliminated."

And what is this danger?

Heidegger names the danger as "one day calculating thinking could remain
_as the only kind of thinking_ that is valid and practised", i.e. "total
thoughtlessness".

Aristotle wrote of the use-lessness of philosophical thinking:

"And while people say that they [thinkers such as Anaxogoras and Thales]
understand things that are extraordinary, astounding, difficult and even
superhuman, they nevertheless claim that they are useless (_achraesta_)
because they do not seek what is good for humans." (Eth. Nic. Z 7
1141b7ff)

Thinking thus has a strange, seemingly unworldly status: useless and at
the same time most essential for human being on earth.

This is only possible and necessary because of the disjuncture between
thinking and practical ontic life, i.e. ultimately the ontological
difference. Those who try to make a direct connection between
philosophical thinking and everday life, i.e. politics, overlook the
disjuncture and make philosophy into a worldview, a Weltanschauung. They
come to grief. Thus, Plato came to grief in Syracuse, Marx in the
far-reaching political consequences of the 11th Thesis on Feuerbach,
Heidegger in the Third Reich.

In a lucid moment, Nietzsche writes:
"Thoughts that come on pigeon's feet steer the world." (Also sprach
Zarathustra, II. Teil, Schluss).
and
"-- what does it matter that we more cautious and reserved ones
occasionally still cannot rid ourselves of the old belief that it is
only the great thought that gives a deed and a cause greatness."
(Jenseits von Gut und Boese n. 241 cf. Heidegger _Nietzsche I_ S.279)

Thanks, Jan,
Michael
_-_-_-_-_-_-_- artefact text and translation _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- made by art _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
http://www.webcom.com/artefact/ _-_-_-_-artefact@... _-_
_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ Dr Michael Eldred -_-_-
_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_

-------- Original Message --------
Betreff: [fyi] Worldview talk: Israel and the Bomb
Datum: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 19:36:09 +0100
Von: Jan Straathof <janstr@...>
Rückantwort: heidegger@...
An: heidegger@...

Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction
by John Steinbach*


"Arabs may have the oil, but we have the matches."
Ariel Sharon(2)

"Should war break out in the Middle East again,...
or should any Arab nation fire missiles against Israel,
as the Iraqis did, a nuclear escalation, once
unthinkable except as a last resort, would now
be a strong probability."
Seymour Hersh(1)


With between 200 and 500 thermonuclear weapons and a sophisticated
delivery
system, Israel has quietly supplanted Britain as the World's 5th Largest
nuclear power, and may currently rival France and China in the size and
sophistication of its nuclear arsenal. Although dwarfed by the nuclear
arsenals of the U.S. and Russia, each possessing over 10,000 nuclear
weapons, Israel nonetheless is a major nuclear power, and should be
publically recognized as such.. Since the Gulf War in 1991, while much
attention has been lavished on the threat posed by Iraqi weapons of mass
destruction, the major culprit in the region, Israel, has been largely
ignored. Possessing chemical and biological weapons, an extremely
sophisticated nuclear arsenal, and an aggressive strategy for their
actual
use, Israel provides the major regional impetus for the development of
weapons of mass destruction and represents an acute threat to peace and
stability in the Middle East. The Israeli nuclear program represents a
serious impediment to nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation and, with
India and Pakistan, is a potential nuclear flashpoint.(prospects of
meaningful non-proliferation are a delusion so long as the nuclear
weapons
states insist on maintaining their arsenals,) Citizens concerned about
sanctions against Iraq, peace with justice in the Middle East, and
nuclear
disarmament have an obligation to speak out forcefully against the
Israeli
nuclear program.


Birth of the Israeli Bomb

The Israeli nuclear program began in the late 1940s under the direction
of
Ernst David Bergmann, "the father of the Israeli bomb," who in 1952
established the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission. It was France,
however,
which provided the bulk of early nuclear assistance to Israel
culminating
in construction of Dimona, a heavy water moderated, natural uranium
reactor
and plutonium reprocessing factory situated near Bersheeba in the Negev
Desert. Israel had been an active participant in the French Nuclear
weapons
program from its inception, providing critical technical expertise, and
the
Israeli nuclear program can be seen as an extension of this earlier
collaboration. Dimona went on line in 1964 and plutonium reprocessing
began
shortly thereafter. Despite various Israeli claims that Dimona was "a
manganese plant, or a textile factory," the extreme security measures
employed told a far different story. In 1967, Israel shot down one of
their
own Mirage fighters that approached too close to Dimona and in 1973 shot
down a Lybian civilian airliner which strayed off course, killing
104.(3)
There is substantial credible speculation that Israel may have exploded
at
least one, and perhaps several, nuclear devices in the mid 1960s in the
Negev near the Israeli-Egyptian border, and that it participated
actively
in French nuclear tests in Algeria.(4) By the time of the "Yom Kippur
War"
in 1973, Israel possessed an arsenal of perhaps several dozen
deliverable
atomic bombs and went on full nuclear alert.(5)


Possessing advanced nuclear technology and "world class" nuclear
scientists, Israel was confronted early with a major problem- how to
obtain
the necessary uranium. Israel's own uranium source was the phosphate
deposits in the Negev, totally inadequate to meet the need of a rapidly
expanding program. The short term answer was to mount commando raids in
France and Britain to successfully hijack uranium shipments and, in1968,
to
collaborate with West Germany in diverting 200 tons of yellowcake
(uranium
oxide).(6) These clandestine acquisitions of >uranium for Dimona were
subsequently covered up by the various countries involved. There was
also
an allegation that a U.S. corporation called Nuclear Materials and
Equipment Corporation (NUMEC) diverted hundreds of pounds of enriched
uranium to Israel from the mid-50s to the mid-60s.

Despite an FBI and CIA investigation, and Congressional hearings, no one
was ever prosecuted, although most other investigators believed the
diversion had occurred(7)(8). In the late 1960s, Israel solved the
uranium
problem by developing close ties with South Africa in a quid pro quo
arrangement whereby Israel supplied the technology and expertise for the
"Apartheid Bomb," while South Africa provided the uranium.


South Africa and the United States

In 1977, the Soviet Union warned the U.S. that satellite photos
indicated
South Africa was planning a nuclear test in the Kalahari Desert but the
Apartheid regime backed down under pressure. On September 22, 1979, a
U.S.
satellite detected an atmospheric test of a small thermonuclear bomb in
the
Indian Ocean off South Africa but, because of Israel's apparent
involvement, the report was quickly "whitewashed" by a carefully
selected
scientific panel kept in the dark about important details. Later it was
learned through Israeli sources that there were actually three carefully
guarded tests of miniaturized Israeli nuclear artillery shells. The
Israeli/South African collaboration did not end with the bomb testing,
but
continued until the fall of Apartheid, especially with the developing
and
testing of medium range missiles and advanced artillery. In addition to
uranium and test facilities, South Africa provided Israel with large
amounts of investment capital, while Israel provided a major trade
outlet
to enable the Apartheid state avoid international economic sanctions.(9)


Although the French and South Africans were primarily responsible for
the
Israeli nuclear program, the U.S. shares and deserves a large part of
the
blame. Mark Gaffney wrote (the Israeli nuclear program) "was possible
only
because (emphasis in original) of calculated deception on the part of
Israel, and willing complicity on the part of the U.S.."(10)


>From the very beginning, the U.S. was heavily involved in the Israeli
nuclear program, providing nuclear related technology such as a small
research reactor in 1955 under the "Atoms for Peace Program." Israeli
scientists were largely trained at U.S. universities and were generally
welcomed at the nuclear weapons labs. In the early 1960s, the controls
for
the Dimona reactor were obtained clandestinely from a company called
Tracer
Lab, the main supplier of U.S. military reactor control panels,
purchased
through a Belgian subsidiary, apparently with the acquiescence of the
National Security Agency (NSA) and the CIA.(11) In 1971, the Nixon
administration approved the sale of hundreds of krytons(a type of high
speed switch necessary to the development of sophisticated nuclear
bombs)
to Israel.(12) And, in 1979, Carter provided ultra high resolution
photos
from a KH-11 spy satellite, used 2 years later to bomb the Iraqi Osirak
Reactor.(13) Throughout the Nixon and Carter administrations, and
accelerating dramatically under Reagan, U.S. advanced technology
transfers
to Israel have continued unabated to the present.


The Vanunu Revelations

Following the 1973 war, Israel intensified its nuclear program while
continuing its policy of deliberate "nuclear opaqueness." Until the
mid-1980s, most intelligence estimates of the Israeli nuclear arsenal
were
on the order of two dozen but the explosive revelations of Mordechai
Vanunu, a nuclear technician working in the Dimona plutonium
reprocessing
plant, changed everything overnight. A leftist supporter of Palestine,
Vanunu believed that it was his duty to humanity to expose Israel's
nuclear
program to the world. He smuggled dozens of photos and valuable
scientific
data out of Israel and in 1986 his story was published in the London
Sunday
Times. Rigorous scientific scrutiny of the Vanunu revelations led to the
disclosure that Israel possessed as many as 200 highly sophisticated,
miniaturized thermonuclear bombs. His information indicated that the
Dimona
reactor's capacity had been expanded several fold and that Israel was
producing enough plutonium to make ten to twelve bombs per year. A
senior
U.S. intelligence analyst said of the Vanunu data,"The scope of this is
much more extensive than we thought. This is an enormous operation."(14)


Just prior to publication of his information Vanunu was lured to Rome by
a
Mossad "Mata Hari," was beaten, drugged and kidnapped to Israel and,
following a campaign of disinformation and vilification in the Israeli
press, convicted of "treason" by a secret security court and sentenced
to
18 years in prison. He served over 11 years in solitary confinement in a
6
by 9 foot cell. After a year of modified release into the general
population(he was not permitted contact with Arabs), Vanunu recently has
been returned to solitary and faces more than 3 years further
imprisonment.
Predictably, The Vanunu revelations were largely ignored by the world
press, especially in the United States, and Israel continues to enjoy a
relatively free ride regarding its nuclear status. (15)


Israel's Arsenal of Mass Destruction

Today, estimates of the Israeli nuclear arsenal range from a minimum of
200
to a maximum of about 500. Whatever the number, there is little doubt
that
Israeli nukes are among the world's most sophisticated, largely designed
for "war fighting" in the Middle East. A staple of the Israeli nuclear
arsenal are "neutron bombs," miniaturized thermonuclear bombs designed
to
maximize deadly gamma radiation while minimizing blast effects and long
term radiation- in essence designed to kill people while leaving
property
intact.(16) Weapons include ballistic missiles and bombers capable of
reaching Moscow, cruise missiles, land mines(In the 1980s Israel planted
nuclear land mines along the Golan Heights(17)), and artillery shells
with
a range of 45 miles(18). In June, 2000 an Israeli submarine launched a
cruise missile which hit a target 950 miles away, making Israel only the
third nation after the U.S. and Russia with that capability. Israel will
deploy 3 of these virtually impregnable submarines, each carrying 4
cruise
missiles.(19)


The bombs themselves range in size from "city busters" larger than the
Hiroshima Bomb to tactical mini nukes. The Israeli arsenal of weapons of
mass destruction clearly dwarfs the actual or potential arsenals of all
other Middle Eastern states combined, and is vastly greater than any
conceivable need for "deterrence."


Israel also possesses a comprehensive arsenal of chemical and biological
weapons. According to the Sunday Times, Israel has produced both
chemical
and biological weapons with a sophisticated delivery system, quoting a
senior Israeli intelligence official, "There is hardly a single known or
unknown form of chemical or biological weapon . . .which is not
manufactured at the Nes Tziyona Biological Institute.")(20) The same
report
described F-16 fighter jets specially designed for chemical and
biological
payloads, with crews trained to load the weapons on a moments notice. In
1998, the Sunday Times reported that Israel, using research obtained
from
South Africa, was developing an "ethno bomb; "In developing their
"ethno-bomb", Israeli scientists are trying to exploit medical advances
by
identifying distinctive a gene carried by some Arabs, then create a
genetically modified bacterium or virus... The scientists are trying to
engineer deadly micro-organisms that attack only those bearing the
distinctive genes." Dedi Zucker, a leftist Member of Knesset, the
Israeli
parliament, denounced the research saying, "Morally, based on our
history,
and our tradition and our experience, such a weapon is monstrous and
should
be denied."(21)


Israeli Nuclear Strategy

In popular imagination, the Israeli bomb is a "weapon of last resort,"
to
be used only at the last minute to avoid annihilation, and many well
intentioned but misled supporters of Israel still believe that to be the
case. Whatever truth this formulation may have had in the minds of >the
early Israeli nuclear strategists, today the Israeli nuclear arsenal is
inextricably linked to and integrated with overall Israeli military and
political strategy. As Seymour Hersh says in classic understatement ;
"The
Samson Option is no longer the only nuclear option available to
Israel."(22) Israel has made countless veiled nuclear threats against
the
Arab nations and against the Soviet Union(and by extension Russia since
the
end of the Cold War) One chilling example comes from Ariel Sharon, the
current Israeli Prime Minister "Arabs may have the oil, but we have the
matches."(23) (In 1983 Sharon proposed to India that it join with Israel
to
attack Pakistani nuclear facilities; in the late 70s he proposed sending
Israeli paratroopers to Tehran to prop up the Shah; and in 1982 he
called
for expanding Israel's security influence to stretch from "Mauritania to
Afghanistan.") In another example, Israeli nuclear expert Oded Brosh
said
in 1992, "...we need not be ashamed that the nuclear option is a major
instrumentality of our defense as a deterrent against those who attack
us."(24) According to Israel Shahak, "The wish for peace, so often
assumed
as the Israeli aim, is not in my view a principle of Israeli policy,
while
the wish to extend Israeli domination and influence is." and "Israel is
preparing for a war, nuclear if need be, for the sake of averting
domestic
change not to its liking, if it occurs in some or any Middle Eastern
states.... Israel clearly prepares itself to seek overtly a hegemony
over
the entire Middle East..., without hesitating to use for the purpose all
means available, including nuclear ones."(25)


Israel uses its nuclear arsenal not just in the context of deterrence"
or
of direct war fighting, but in other more subtle but no less important
ways. For example, the possession of weapons of mass destruction can be
a
powerful lever to maintain the status quo, or to influence events to
Israel's perceived advantage, such as to protect the so called moderate
Arab states from internal insurrection, or to intervene in inter-Arab
warfare.(26) In Israeli strategic jargon this concept is called
"nonconventional compellence" and is exemplified by a quote from Shimon
Peres; "acquiring a superior weapons system(read nuclear) would mean the
possibility of using it for compellent purposes- that is forcing the
other
side to accept Israeli political demands, which presumably include a
demand
that the traditional status quo be accepted and a peace treaty
signed."(27)
>From a slightly different perspective, Robert Tuckerr asked in a Commentary
magazine article in defense of Israeli nukes, "What would prevent
Israel...
from pursuing a hawkish policy employing a nuclear deterrent to freeze
the
status quo?"(28) Possessing an overwhelming nuclear superiority allows
Israel to act with impunity even in the face world wide opposition. A
case
in point might be the invasion of Lebanon and destruction of Beirut in
1982, led by Ariel Sharon, which resulted in 20,000 deaths, most
civilian.
Despite the annihilation of a neighboring Arab state, not to mention the
utter destruction of the Syrian Air Force, Israel was able to carry out
the
war for months at least partially due to its nuclear threat.


Another major use of the Israeli bomb is to compel the U.S. to act in
Israel's favor, even when it runs counter to its own strategic
interests.
As early as 1956 Francis Perrin, head of the French A-bomb project wrote
"We thought the Israeli Bomb was aimed at the Americans, not to launch
it
at the Americans, but to say, 'If you don't want to help us in a
critical
situation we will require you to help us; otherwise we will use our
nuclear
bombs.'"(29) During the 1973 war, Israel used nuclear blackmail to force
Kissinger and Nixon to airlift massive amounts of military hardware to
Israel. The Israeli Ambassador, Simha Dinitz, is quoted as saying, at
the
time, "If a massive airlift to Israel does not start immediately, then I
will know that the U.S. is reneging on its promises and...we will have
to
draw very serious conclusions..."(30) Just one example of this strategy
was
spelled out in 1987 by Amos Rubin, economic adviser to Prime Minister
Yitzhak Shamir, who said "If left to its own Israel will have no choice
but
to fall back on a riskier defense which will endanger itself and the
world
at large... To enable Israel to abstain from dependence on nuclear arms
calls for $2 to 3 billion per year in U.S. aid."(31) Since then Israel's
nuclear arsenal has expanded exponentially, both quantitatively and
qualitatively, while the U.S. money spigots remain wide open.


Regional and International Implications

Largely unknown to the world, the Middle East nearly exploded in all out
war on February 22, 2001. According to the London Sunday Times and
DEBKAfile, Israel went on high missile alert after receiving news from
the
U.S. of movement by 6 Iraqi armored divisions stationed along the Syrian
border, and of launch preparations of surface to surface missiles.
DEBKAfile, an Israeli based "counter-terrorism" information service,
claims
that the Iraqi missiles were deliberately taken to the highest alert
level
in order to test the U.S. and Israeli response. Despite an immediate
attack
by 42 U.S. and British war planes, the Iraqis suffered little apparent
damage.(32) The Israelis have warned Iraq that they are prepared to use
neutron bombs in a preemptive attack against Iraqi missiles.


The Israeli nuclear arsenal has profound implications for the future of
peace in the Middle East, and indeed, for the entire planet. It is clear
from Israel Shahak that Israel has no interest in peace except that
which
is dictated on its own terms, and has absolutely no intention of
negotiating in good faith to curtail its nuclear program or discuss
seriously a nuclear-free Middle East,"Israel's insistence on the
independent use of its nuclear weapons can be seen as the foundation on
which Israeli grand strategy rests."(34) According to Seymour Hersh,
"the
size and sophistication of Israel's nuclear arsenal allows men such as
Ariel Sharon to dream of redrawing the map of the Middle East aided by
the
implicit threat of nuclear force."(35) General Amnon Shahak-Lipkin,
former
Israeli Chief of Staff is quoted "It is never possible to talk to Iraq
about no matter what; It is never possible to talk to Iran about no
matter
what. Certainly about nuclearization. With Syria we cannot really talk
either."(36) Ze'ev Shiff, an Israeli military expert writing in Haaretz
said, "Whoever believes that Israel will ever sign the UN Convention
prohibiting the proliferation of nuclear weapons... is day
dreaming,"(37)
and Munya Mardoch, Director of the Israeli Institute for the Development
of
Weaponry, said in 1994, "The moral and political meaning of nuclear
weapons
is that states which renounce their use are acquiescing to the status of
Vassal states. All those states which feel satisfied with possessing
conventional weapons alone are fated to become vassal states."(38)


As Israeli society becomes more and more polarized, the influence of the
radical right becomes stronger. According to Shahak, "The prospect of
>Gush
Emunim, or some secular right-wing Israeli fanatics, or some some of the
delerious Israeli Army generals, seizing control of Israeli nuclear
weapons...cannot be precluded. ...while israeli jewish society undergoes
a
steady polarization, the Israeli security system increasingly relies on
the
recruitment of cohorts from the ranks of the extreme right."(39) The
Arab
states, long aware of Israel's nuclear program, bitterly resent its
coercive intent, and perceive its existence as the paramount threat to
peace in the region, requiring their own weapons of mass destruction.
During a future Middle Eastern war (a distinct possibility given the
ascension of Ariel Sharon, an unindicted war criminal with a bloody
record
stretching from the massacre of Palestinian civilians at Quibya in 1953,
to
the massacre of Palestinian civilians at Sabra and Shatila in 1982 and
beyond) the possible Israeli use of nuclear weapons should not be
discounted. According to Shahak, "In Israeli terminology, the launching
of
missiles on to Israeli territory is regarded as 'nonconventional'
regardless of whether they are equipped with explosives or poison
gas."(40)
(Which requires a "nonconventional" response, a perhaps unique exception
being the Iraqi SCUD attacks during the Gulf War.)


Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass destruction in such an
unstable region in turn has serious implications for future arms control
and disarmament negotiations, and even the threat of nuclear war.
Seymour
Hersh warns, "Should war break out in the Middle East again,... or
should
any Arab nation fire missiles against Israel, as the Iraqis did, a
nuclear
escalation, once unthinkable except as a last resort, would now be a
strong
probability."(41) and Ezar Weissman, Israel's current President said
"The
nuclear issue is gaining momentum(and the) next war will not be
conventional."(42) Russia and before it the Soviet Union has long been a
major(if not the major) target of Israeli nukes. It is widely reported
that
the principal purpose of Jonathan Pollard's spying for Israel was to
furnish satellite images of Soviet targets and other super sensitive
data
relating to U.S. nuclear targeting strategy. (43) (Since launching its
own
satellite in 1988, Israel no longer needs U.S. spy secrets.) Israeli
nukes
aimed at the Russian heartland seriously complicate disarmament and arms
control negotiations and, at the very least, the unilateral possession
of
nuclear weapons by Israel is enormously destabilizing, and dramatically
lowers the threshold for their actual use, if not for all out nuclear
war.
In the words of Mark Gaffney, "... if the familar pattern(Israel
refining
its weapons of mass destruction with U.S. complicity) is not reversed
soon-
for >whatever reason- the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a
world conflagration." (44)


Many Middle East Peace activists have been reluctant to discuss, let
alone
challenge, the Israeli monopoly on nuclear weapons in the region, often
leading to incomplete and uninformed analyses and flawed action
strategies.
Placing the issue of Israeli weapons of mass destruction directly and
honestly on the table and action agenda would have several salutary
effects. First, it would expose a primary destabilizing dynamic driving
the
Middle East arms race and compelling the region's states to each seek
their
own "deterrent." Second, it would expose the grotesque double standard
which sees the U.S. and Europe on the one hand condemning Iraq, Iran and
Syria for developing weapons of mass destruction, while simultaneously
protecting and enabling the principal culprit. Third, exposing Israel's
nuclear strategy would focus international public attention, resulting
in
increased pressure to dismantle its weapons of mass destruction and
negotiate a just peace in good faith. Finally, a nuclear free Israel
would
make a Nuclear Free Middle East and a comprehensive regional peace
agreement much more likely. Unless and until the world community
confronts
Israel over its covert nuclear program it is unlikely that there will be
any meaningful resolution of the Israeli/Arab conflict, a fact that
Israel
may be counting on as the Sharon era dawns.


Footnotes:

1. Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and
American
Foreign Policy, New York,1991, Random House, p. 319 (A brilliant and
prophetic work with much original research)2

2. Mark Gaffney, Dimona, The Third Temple:The Story Behind the Vanunu
Revelation, Brattleboro, VT, 1989, Amana Books, p. 165 (Excellent
progressive analysis of the Israeli nuclear program)

3. U.S. Army Lt. Col. Warner D. Farr, The Third Temple Holy of Holies;
Israel's Nuclear Weapons, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War
College
Sept 1999 <www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/farr,htm (Perhaps the best
single condensed history of the Israeli nuclear program)

4. Hersch, op.cit., p. 131

5. Gaffney, op.cit., p. 63

6. Gaffney, op. cit. pp 68 - 69

7. Hersh, op.cit., pp. 242-257

8. Gaffney, op.cit., 1989, pps. 65-66 (An alternative discussion of the
NUMEC affair)

9. Barbara Rogers & Zdenek Cervenka, The Nuclear Axis: The Secret
Collaboration Between West Germany and South Africa, New York, 1978,
Times
Books, p. 325-328 (the definitive history of the Apartheid Bomb)

10. Gaffney, op. cit., 1989, p. 34

11. Peter Hounam, Woman From Mossad: The Torment of Mordechai Vanunu,
London, 1999, Vision Paperbacks, pp. 155-168 (The most complete and up
to
date account of the Vanunu story, it includes fascenating speculation
that
Israel may have a second hidden Dimona type reactor)

12. Hersh, op. cit., 1989, p. 213

13. ibid, p.198-200

14. ibid, pp. 3-17

15. Hounman, op. cit. 1999, pp 189-203

16. Hersh, 1989. pp.199-200

17. ibid, p. 312

18. John Pike and Federation of American Scientists, Israel Special
Weapons
Guide Website, 2001, Web Address
<http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/index.html (An invaluable internet
resource)

19. Usi Mahnaimi and Peter Conradi, Fears of New Arms Race as Israel
Tests
Cruise Missiles, June 18, 2000, London Sunday Times

20. Usi Mahnaimi, Israeli Jets Equipped for Chemical Warfare October 4,
1998, London Sunday Times

21. Usi Mahnaimi and Marie Colvin, Israel Planning "Ethnic" bomb as
Saddam
Caves In, November 15, 1998, London Sunday Times

22. Hersh, op.cit., 1991, p. 319

23. Gaffney, op.cit., 1989, p. 163

24. Israel Shahak, Open Secrets: Israeli Nuclear and Foreign Policies,
London, 1997,Pluto Press, p. 40 (An absolute "must read" for any Middle
East or anti-nuclear activist)

25 ibid, p.2

26. ibid, p.43

27. Gaffney, op.cit., 1989, p 131

28. "Israel & the US: From Dependence to Nuclear Weapons?" Robert W.
Tucker, Novenber 1975 pp41-42

29. London Sunday Times, October 12, 1986

30. Gaffney, op. cit. 1989. p. 147

31. ibid, p. 153

32. DEBKAfile, February 23, 2001 WWW.debka.com

33. Uzi Mahnaimi and Tom Walker, London Sunday Times, February 25, 2001

34. Shahak, op. cit., p150

35. Hersh, op.cit., p. 319

36. Shahak, op. cit., p34

37. ibid, p. 149

38. ibid, p. 153

39. ibid, pp. 37-38

40. ibid, pp 39-40

41. Hersh, op. cit., p. 19

42. Aronson, Geoffrey, "Hidden Agenda: US-Israeli Relations and the
Nuclear
Question," Middle East Journal, (Autumn 1992), 619-630.

43 . Hersh, op. cit., pp. 285-305

44. Gaffney, op. cit., p194


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