First domestic cat purred in Middle East.
Laurent Thomet
Agençe France-Presse
Friday, 29 June 2007
The first cats became domesticated in the grain-growing regions of
the Middle East. They grew fat on the mice at the grain stores and
slowly became used to humans (Image: iStockphoto)
The first domestic cat was a fierce mouser that struck an enduring
friendship with farmers who settled in the Middle East 10,000 years
ago, researchers say.
Through DNA technology, the researchers say they traced the domestic
feline's ancestry back to the Near Eastern wildcat (Felis silvestris
lybica) that roamed what is today Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Israel.
The wildcat emerged from the woods as the early farmers began
settling down and developing grain stores that attracted rodents.
But it was friendlier than other members of the felidae family, says
senior author Dr Stephen O'Brien of the US National Cancer Institute.
"The felidae family is well known as a successful predator: very
deadly, very ferocious, very threatening to all species including
humankind," says O'Brien.
"But this little guy actually chose not to be that. He actually
chose to be a little bit friendly and also was a very good mouser."
The wildcat brought "two very valuable commodities" to these early
farmers, O'Brien says.
"One is, he helped dispatch the thousand or so rodents that were
living on the grain stores and second he probably provided some
amusement to the early families and their children by being
friendly," he says.
"So that was the beginning of one of the most successful biological
experiments ever undertaken, where a nasty, ferocious, deadly
predator changed its attitude and became friendly with humans."
The researchers, who publish their work today in the journal
Science, were also able to trace back the Adam and Eve of cats to
some 100,000 years ago.
O'Brien says, however, there is no archaeological evidence to show
that humans were already domesticating cats at the time.
Preserved remains show that cats were valued by Egyptians, and one
skeleton unearthed in Cyprus in 2004 showed that people were keeping
cats as pets more than 9000 years ago.
This wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica) was trapped in Israel as part
of the author's research into the origin of cat domestication. Cats
similar to this one were the likely ancestor of the domestic cat
(Image: Science)
The researchers used DNA samples from 979 cats to study the
evolutionary ties between the domestic feline and five wildcat
subspecies from three continents, including the Near Eastern
wildcat.
The researchers were able to rule out the European wildcat, the
Central Asian wildcat, the southern African wildcat and the Chinese
desert cat as the domestic feline's ancestor.
The authors found that each subspecies and domestic cats fell into a
group, or clade that was genetically distinct.
One clade includes the domestic cat and his Middle East relative,
suggesting this group stems from the ancestral founder population of
the house cat, they say.
Its descendants were then taken across the world by humans.
"All domestic cats seem to have a single common ancestor," says
Carlos Driscoll, the study's lead author and a doctoral student at
the University of Oxford.
Today's Near Eastern wildcat, which lives in the remote deserts of
Israel, Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries, probably
looks similar to its ancestor, Driscoll says.
It has the same shape as a feral cat, shares its shy, reclusive
behaviour and has a taste for birds and mice, he says.
The research started as a conservation project in the UK. It drew
the interest of the National Cancer Institute because domestic cats
are a model for genetic diseases, says Driscoll.
Ein Neues Buch / A New Book : Felidae Arabica.
The Book : Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine,
Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2007.
Das Buch: Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina,
Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.
von: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Website of the Book:
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Arabica.html
ISBN-10: 3-00-019568-8 / ISBN-13: 978-3-00-019568-6
Erschienen: 1. Auflage: Juli 2007.
Literaturangaben. - Parallelsacht. in arab. Schr. - Text teilw. dt.,
teilw. engl., teilw. arab. - Teilw. in arab. Schr.
Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf, 2007, ISBN-10: 3-00-019568-8 / ISBN-13:
978-3-00-019568-6, Gebunden Hardback. 1. Auflage: 300 Seiten. zahlr.
schwarz-weiss Abbildungen - Format: 30 x 21,5 cm, Gewicht: 850
gramm. Preis: 50,00 Euro.
Selbstverlag: Norman Ali Khalaf. Uhlandstrasse 6, D-66271 Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & P.O. Box 37038, Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
German / English Cover Foto: "Al-Sanuriyat Al-Arabiyah" / "Felidae
Arabica". Pottery & Foto by Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2007.
Arabic Cover Foto: The Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Ein
Gedi, Palestine. Foto: Giora Ilani.
Cover Design / Umschlaggestaltung: Ola Khalaf. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates.
Printed and bounded in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Preface:
The Story behind "Felidae Arabica" :
The 41 species of the wild cat family "Felidae" are spread across
most of the globe excluding the continents of Antarctica and
Australia and some island groups.
Cats are adaptable animals and several species have their homes in
arid lands, where prey is sparse.
In the extensive region of Arabia only five species are known: the
Arabian Leopard, living in the high mountains of Arabia; the Arabian
Caracal or Desert Lynx; the Palestine Jungle Cat, which lives in
northern Arabia; the Arabian Wild Cat; and the little Arabian Sand
Cat, which survives in extreme desert conditions. The Arabian Lion
and the Arabian Cheetah disappeared forever from the Arabian
Peninsula.
My first published scientific article dates back to January 1980,
when I was still a student in the Zoology Department at Kuwait
University, State of Kuwait. The article was entitled "The
Colouration of Animals"; and my first felid article dates back to
April 1983, with the title "The Leopards in Palestine".
Since that time, I published many scientific articles in different
scientific magazines and bulletins, and I began publishing my own
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. In July 1983, "Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin" was created. It was the First
Palestinian Scientific Bulletin Worldwide. Until now 70 "Gazelle"
Issues were published; and many of my articles were about members of
the felid family.
Finally, and after more than 28 years in Zoological research and
studies, in many Arabic and European countries, and after publishing
many scientific articles in different scientific magazines and
bulletins, especially the "Gazelle Bulletin", and after publishing
many articles in the Gazelle Bulletin Web Site, since 2001 under
(www.gazelle.8m.net), and after publishing my first book (Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983–2004) in July 2004, and my
second book (Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980–2005) in August 2005, and
my third book (Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine,
Arabia and Europe between 1980–2006) in July 2006, I finally decided
to publish a scientific book containing all my felid research and
articles.
It is hard to be optimistic about the future of Wild Cats in Arabia.
But recent years have shown the development of official and public
interest, and efforts to conserve them. The Cats are certainly among
the most beautiful wild animals. They have lived with humans for
thousands of years. The Prophet Mohammad (Peaca be upon Him) himself
is said to have loved cats, and there are Moslems who respect small
cats for that reason.
I hope that I can participate with this book to our knowledge
concerning "Felidae Arabica", and to help and to be part in
protecting the endangered Arabian Fauna.
Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. 5.7.2007.
About the Author:
Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa is a
Palestinian/German Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist. Born in
Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany in 1962. Finished School in Kuwait.
Studied Zoology, Geology and Ecology for the Bachelor and the Master
degrees in the Universities of Kuwait and Durham (England). Done a
lot of work and research in the Universities of Kuwait, Durham and
Saarbrücken; and in the Zoos, Wild Parks and Field Studies in
Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria,
Yugoslavia, Hungary, Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg, England, Scotland,
Jersey Island, France, Austria, Switzerland and Germany.
He is the author and publisher of "Gazelle : The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin" since 1983; and the author of four books:
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (2004) & Aquatica
Arabica (2005) & Mammalia Arabica (2006) & Felidae Arabica (2007).
He discovered a new house mouse subspecies from the Gaza Strip,
Palestine, and gave it in June 2007, the new scientific trinomial
name "Mus musculus gazaensis Khalaf, 2007".
He is working now as a free scientific researcher and publisher in
the United Arab Emirates. He is married and has one daughter.
Contents of the book:
English and German Articles:
1. Preface & About the Author.
2. Activity Patterns and Sexual / (Reproductive) Behaviour of Snow
Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife
Preservation Trust, Jersey Island.
3. The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo,
Germany.
4. The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany.
5. The Leopards in Palestine. (in Arabic).
6. The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine.
7. The Leopards of Palestine.
8. Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr.
9. Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica).
10. Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine.
11. Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus
venaticus).
12. Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus).
13. The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine.
(In: Mammalia Arabica).
14. The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826)
in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region.
15. The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in
Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische
Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo,
Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.
16. The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip,
Palestine.
17. The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni)
in the State of Qatar.
18. Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858).
19. Der Karakal oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber
1776).
Arabic Articles:
20. Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Arab-Wikipedia.
21. Qit Al-Adghal (Jungle Cat or Swamp Lynx). Arab-Wikipedia.
22. Fahed Arabi (Arabian Cheetah or Asiatic Cheetah). Arab-Wikipedia.
23. Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab-Wikipedia.
24. Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab-Wikipedia.
25. Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab-Wikipedia.
26. Qit Sahrawi (The Sand Cat or Desert Cat). Arab-Wikipedia.
27. A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert,
State of Kuwait.
28. Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus
nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre,
Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
29. The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah
Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.
30. Notes on the Caracal Lynx (Caracal caracal).
31. The Leopards in Palestine.
32. The Colouration of Animals.
33. Muqadimet Al-Kitab (Arabic Preface).
34. Book Contents (Arabic Section).
Eine Neue "Fauna Palaestina" Gruppe...A New "Fauna of Palestine" Group.
unter:
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/
HERZLICH WILLKOMMEN ! Dies ist ein Treffpunkt für alle, die etwas
mit "FAUNA von PALÄSTINA" am Hut haben. Entdecken sie hier die
Faszinierende Welt der Tiere in Palästina, mit Interessante Infos,
Fotos und Links. Viel Spass im Club.
WELCOME to the amazing and fascinating World of the "FAUNA of
PALESTINE". I hope you will have a pleasant and informative stay.
Ihr Gründer
Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Zoologe
Der Karakal oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776)*.
von: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Webseite:
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html
*Notiz: Der Artikel wurde publiziert in "Gazelle: Das
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin". Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Seiten
1-12.
Der Karakal (Caracal caracal, von Schreber** 1776) [oft auch als
Felis caracal oder Lynx caracal bezeichnet] ist eine afroasiatische,
mittelgroße Katze. Wegen seiner Ähnlichkeit mit den Luchsen wird er
manchmal auch als Wüstenluchs bezeichnet.
Merkmale:
Der Karakal ist von luchsartiger Gestalt; insbesondere seine
zugespitzten Ohren sind groß und gepinselt, allerdings sind die
Pinsel im Verhältnis länger als die eines Luchses. Die Rückseiten
seiner Ohren sind schwarz, ebenso die typischen "Ohrpinsel", welche
mit einer Länge von etwa fünf Zentimetern zu den längsten innerhalb
der Katzenfamilie gehören. Der Name des Karakal ist übrigens auf
dieses Merkmal zurückzuführen. Er leitet sich vom türkischen "Garah
gulak" oder "Karakulak" ab, was soviel wie "Schwarzohr" bedeutet.
Die Farbe des Karakalfells variiert auf der Oberseite je nach
Lebensraum von ockergelber, blass rotbraun, sandbraun in trockenen
Gebieten bis hin zu ziegelrot oder auch weinroter Farbe in
niederschlagsreicheren Gegenden. Die helle Bauchseite ist leicht
gefleckt. Kehle und Bauch sowie die Gesichtspartien um die Augen und
das Maul sind heller gefärbt. Das Fell zeigt keine Fleckenzeichnung.
In Einzelfällen kommen auch schwarze Tiere vor (Melanismus).
Der für den Luchs typische Backenbart fehlt ihm, dagegen hat er
ähnlich wie dieser einen katzenuntypisch kurzen Schwanz. Die
schwarzweiße Gesichtszeichnung fällt um Maul und Augen auf.
Mit einer Schulterhöhe von 40 bis 45 Zentimetern und einer
Kopfrumpflänge von 60 bis 105 Zentimetern, und einer Schwanzlänge
von 20 cm bis 35 cm, ist der Karakal ein mittelgrosses Mitglied der
Katzenfamilie. Das Körpergewicht liegt meistens zwischen 8 und 20
Kilogramm, wobei die Männchen mit durchschnittlich 15 Kilogramm
etwas kräftiger sind als die Weibchen mit durchschnittlich 11
Kilogramm.
Typisch für den Karakal ist, dass er hinten «überbaut» ist: Seine
Hinterbeine sind deutlich länger als die Vorderbeine. Die überaus
kräftigen Hinterbeine machen den Karakal zu einem der kraftvollsten
Hochspringer unter den Katzen: Sprünge aus dem Stand von drei Metern
Höhe sind für ihn eine Kleinigkeit (was ihm etwa bei der Jagd nach
vorüberfliegenden Vögeln sehr dienlich ist).
Wie alle Katzen ist der Karakal ein besonders hoch entwickeltes
Raubtier. Zu seinen körperbaulichen Anpassungen an das «Handwerk»
des Beutegreifens gehört erstens das Gebiss: Die Zahl der Zähne ist
deutlich vermindert, und ihre Form ist stark abgewandelt. Die
wichtigsten seitlichen Zähne sind die sogenannten «Reisszähne»,
welche beiderseits des Kiefers aus dem letzten Vorbackenzahn des
Oberkiefers und dem ersten Backenzahn des Unterkiefers
hervorgegangen sind. Die vier Reisszähne sind nicht breit und
abgeflacht wie bei den Pflanzenfressern, sondern schlank und
scharfkantig. Sie eignen sich deshalb auch weniger zum Kauen als
vielmehr zum Schneiden: Wie mit einer Schere kann der Karakal mit
Hilfe der Reisszähne mundgerechte Stücke aus dem Fleisch seiner
Opfer heraustrennen. Zur Optimierung der Schneidewirkung der
Reisszähne lässt das Kiefergelenk keine seitlichen Bewegungen zu,
wie sie die Pflanzenfresser zum Mahlen und Kauen ihrer Nahrung
benötigen. Wichtige Zähne sind ferner die Eckzähne «Fangzähne»: Es
sind kräftige, gut bewurzelte «Dolche», welche zum Packen und Töten
der Beutetiere dienen.
Zweitens verfügt der Karakal wie alle Katzen über enorm
leistungsfähige Augen: Selbst bei Lichtverhältnissen, die wir
Menschen als «stockdunkel» bezeichnen würden, vermag er noch
erfolgreich auf Jagd zu gehen. Seine Augen weisen zum einen eine
sehr grosse Pupille auf, welche besonders viel Restlicht ins Auge
einfallen lässt. Zum anderen überwiegen in der Netzhaut die
stäbchenförmigen, dem Dämmerungssehen dienlichen Sinneszellen
deutlich die zapfenförmigen, für die Farbempfindung zuständigen
Zellen. Das Karakalauge besitzt dadurch eine (auf Kosten der
Qualität des Farbensehens) erheblich gesteigerte
Lichtempfindlichkeit. Für eine verbesserte Nachtsicht sorgt des
weiteren eine besondere Gewebeschicht, welche sich hinter der
Netzhaut befindet und die einfallenden Lichtstrahlen wie ein Spiegel
ins Auge zurückwirft. Diese Schicht heisst Tapetum lucidum, was
wörtlich übersetzt «Leuchttapete» bedeutet. Sie bewirkt, dass die
Sinneszellen der Netzhaut von den einfallenden Lichtstrahlen gleich
nochmals von hinten gereizt werden. Das auf der Netzhaut entstehende
Bild ist deshalb doppelt so hell, als wenn das Tapetum lucidum nicht
vorhanden wäre. Letzteres ist im übrigen der Grund dafür, dass die
Augen des Karakals (wie auch aller anderen Katzen) im Dunkeln
aufleuchten, wenn sie von einem Lichtstrahl getroffen warden
(Kappeler, 1998).
Zur «Spezialausrüstung» des Karakals gehören drittens grosse,
muskulöse Pfoten, mit denen er seine Beute ergreift und zu Boden
zerrt. Es sind gefährliche «Fangeisen» aus Muskeln, Sehnen und
spitzen, messerscharfen Krallen. Haben sie ein Opfer einmal gepackt,
so gibt es kein Entrinnen mehr. Beim Laufen sind die Krallen in
Hauttaschen zurückgezogen. So werden sie nicht abgewetzt und bleiben
immer scharf. Nur beim Beutefang und beim Klettern werden sie mit
Hilfe besonderer Muskeln vorgestreckt.
Weitere körperbauliche Kennzeichen, welche den Karakal im speziellen
und die Katzen im allgemeinen zu besonders tüchtigen Beutegreifern
machen, sind die besonders grosse, gewölbte Gehörkapsel, die
modifizierte Halsschlagader, das stark rückgebildete Schlüsselbein
und noch vieles mehr. Alle diese körperbaulichen Merkmale wurden von
den Katzen im Laufe ihrer jahrmillionenlangen Stammesgeschichte nach
und nach entwickelt und tragen wesentlich zum bemerkenswerten Erfolg
der Katzensippe im tagtäglichen Kampf ums Überleben bei (Kappeler,
1998).
Lebensraum:
Der Karakal hat eine bemerkenswert weite Verbreitung in den Tropen
und Subtropen Afrikas und Asiens: In Afrika ist er südlich der
Sahara - von der Sahelzone im Norden bis zu Südafrikas Kapprovinz im
Süden - weit verbreitet und fehlt eigentlich nur in den
Regenwaldgebieten Zentral- und Westafrikas. In der Sahara selbst
kommt er nicht vor, doch findet man ihn im ganzen nördlichen Afrika,
von Marokko im Westen bis Ägypten im Osten. In Asien begegnet man
dem Karakal auf der Arabischen Halbinsel sowie im Nahen und
Mittleren Osten, von der Türkei ostwärts bis nach Zentralindien. Die
nördliche Grenze seines Verbreitungsgebiets liegt in Kasachstan
zwischen dem Kaspischen Meer und dem Aralsee.
Trotz des Namens "Wüstenluchs" ist der Karakal nicht an Wüsten
gebunden, sondern lebt in allen trockenen Habitaten wie Halbwüsten,
Steppen, hügelige Steppen, Trockenwäldern, Dornbuschsavannen und
trockene Berggebiete (bis in Lagen von 3000 Metern ü.M.). Reine
Sandwüsten sind dagegen nicht sein Habitat. Echte Wüstengebiete
meidet er dagegen ebenso wie Feuchtländer, weshalb man seinen
Zweitnamen «Wüstenluchs» besser vermeiden sollte.
Die Bestände nehmen durch Bejagung zwar ab, aktuell wird die Art
jedoch von der Roten Liste der IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) noch unter "least
concern" geführt (de-Wikipedia, 2007).
Unterarten:
Der Karakal (Caracal caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776):
Zentralafrika, Ostafrika, Sudan, Südafrika.
Der Algerische Karakal (Caracal caracal algira [algirica], Wagner
1841): Nordafrika.
Der Namibische Karakal (Caracal caracal damarensis): Namibia.
Der Botswanische Karakal (Caracal caracal limpopoensis): Botswana,
Nord-Transvaal.
Der Gabunische Karakal (Caracal caracal lucani): Gabun.
Der Nubische Karakal (Caracal caracal nubicus): Sudan, Äthiopien.
Der Nigerische Karakal (Caracal caracal poecilictis): Nigeria,
Niger, West Afrika.
Der Arabische Karakal (Caracal caracal schmitzi, Matschie 1912):
West-Asien, Palästina, Arabien, Iran, Pakistan, Indien.
Der Turkmenistanische Karakal (Caracal caracal michaelis, Heptner
1945): Turkmenistan (Rar, gefährdet).
Verhalten und Lebensweise:
Neuere, in Südafrika, Palästina und Turkmenistan durchgeführte
Freilandstudien haben interessante Einblicke in das
gesellschaftliche Leben der Karakals gewährt: Erwachsene Individuen
führen im allgemeinen ein sesshaftes und ausserhalb der Paarungszeit
einzelgängerisches Leben. Ihr Wohn- und Jagdgebiet beanspruchen sie
allerdings - im Unterschied zu vielen anderen Raubtieren -
keineswegs zur alleinigen Nutzung: Es überlappt auf allen Seiten
beträchtlich mit denjenigen benachbarter Individuen beiderlei
Geschlechts. Zur Vermeidung unliebsamer Begegnungen zwischen
Nachbarn dienen den Karakals Duftmarken, die sie auf ihren
Streifzügen - in Form von Harn und Sekreten aus ihren Drüsen an
Kinn, Lippen und Zehen - immer wieder absetzen. Diese Duftmarken
orientieren die lokale Karakalgesellschaft einerseits über die
Ortsverschiebungen der ansässigen Artgenossen, andererseits aber
auch über die Paarungsbereitschaft der Weibchen, die Fitness der
Männchen und wohl noch manches mehr. So kommt es, dass die Karakals
einer bestimmten Region einander zwar selten leibhaftig begegnen,
jedoch in ständigem Kontakt untereinander stehen und kontinuierlich
über das Befinden der übrigen Gesellschaftsmitglieder unterrichtet
sind.
Wir wissen nun auch, dass sich die Grösse der Karakal-Wohngebiete
nicht allein nach dem Beutetierangebot richtet, sondern noch andere,
uns nicht bekannte Faktoren berücksichtigt. In Palästina wiesen
jedenfalls die Wohngebiete der Karakalmännchen in einer Region mit
recht hoher Beutetierdichte durchschnittlich eine Fläche um 200
Quadratkilometer auf, während sich die Karakalmännchen in Südafrika
bei ähnlichem Nahrungsangebot in Gebieten von nur rund 50
Quadratkilometern umherbewegten. Die Wohngebiete der Karakalweibchen
waren in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten deutlich kleiner als die der
Männchen, aber ebenfalls regional unterschiedlich: Sie massen in
Palästina um 60 Quadratkilometer, in Südafrika hingegen nur 5 bis 30
Quadratkilometer.
Herausgekommen ist bei den Studien ferner, dass die Karakals zwar
keineswegs täglich alle Bereiche ihres individuellen Wohngebiets
durchstreifen, bei ihren nächtlichen Pirschgängen aber doch
beträchtliche Strecken zurücklegen. So wanderten die untersuchten
Individuen in der turkmenischen Wüste Karakum Nacht für Nacht etwa
zwanzig Kilometer weit, während in Palästina die Männchen im
Durchschnitt immerhin rund zehn Kilometer und die Weibchen sieben
Kilometer weit zogen (Kappeler, 1998).
Paarungsverhalten:
Die Fortpflanzung der Karakals findet nicht überall im riesenhaften
Verbreitungsgebiet zur selben Zeit statt, sondern richtet sich nach
den örtlichen - hauptsächlich des Klimas und Untergrunds wegen
unterschiedlichen - Gegebenheiten. Überall erfolgen die Geburten
jedoch in einer Jahreszeit, in welcher die Dichte der
Beutetierbestände besonders hoch und somit die Nahrungsbeschaffung
für die Weibchen während der Jungenaufzucht verhältnismässig einfach
ist.
Jungenaufzucht:
Nach einer Gestationsperiode (Tragzeit) von etwa 78 Tagen (die
Angaben differieren je nach Berechnungsart und Autor zwischen 69 und
81 Tagen) werden gewöhnlich ein bis drei, seltener vier Jungtiere je
Wurf geboren. Als Wurfplatz wählt das Weibchen eine Felsnische,
einen hohlen Baumstamm oder ein anderes sicheres Versteck. Die
neugeborenen Karakals sind anfänglich völlig hilflose, blinde 250-
Gramm-Bündel. Etwa am zehnten Lebenstag öffnen sich ihre Augen, und
mit ungefähr einem Monat erscheinen die Milchzähne. In diesem Alter
beginnen sie, feste Nahrung zu sich zu nehmen, die ihnen die Mutter
zuträgt. Mit sechs bis sieben Monaten unternehmen sie dann ihre
ersten Jagdversuche, anfänglich allerdings ziemlich erfolglos. Noch
bis zum Alter von etwa einem Jahr bleiben sie mit ihrer Mutter
zusammen, und erst mit ungefähr zwei Jahren sind sie vollständig
ausgewachsen.
Wie bei vielen anderen Raubtieren wandern die jungen Männchen nach
der Loslösung von ihrer Mutter weit umher und suchen nach einem
geeigneten, noch freien Jagdgebiet, um sich dort niederzulassen. Die
jungen Weibchen sind ortstreuer und werden oftmals ganz in der Nähe
ihres Geburtsorts sesshaft, so dass nicht selten ihr Wohngebiet
teilweise mit dem ihrer Mutter überlappt.
Über die Lebensdauer der Karakals in freier Wildbahn wissen wir
bislang nichts. In Menschenobhut sind die mittelgrossen Katzen bis
neunzehn Jahre alt geworden.
Jagdverhalten:
Der Karakal ist ein nachtaktiver Einzelgänger. Das Spektrum seiner
Beutetiere ist sehr breitgefächert und reicht von Hasen, Nagetieren
und anderen Kleinsäugern über Vögel aller Art bis hin zu Schliefern
und kleineren Antilopen. Er ist ein überaus erfolgreicher
Vogeljäger. Kein Wunder: Er gilt als einer der flinksten und
kraftvollsten Hochspringer unter den Kleinkatzen: Sprünge aus dem
Stand von drei Metern Höhe sind für ihn eine Kleinigkeit! Wie eine
Rakete schnellt er hoch und schnappt sich etwa ein tief fliegendes
Perlhuhn oder eine Trappe aus der Luft. Er soll sehr schnell rennen
können, bejagt seine Beute aber trotzdem, indem er sich an sie
heranschleicht und überraschend anspringt. Überall in seinem
Verbreitungsgebiet steht der Karakal im Ruf eines für seine Grösse
besonders wilden, unerschrockenen Räubers. Auf Suwaheli
beispielsweise heisst er deshalb "Simba Mangu" (Kleiner Löwe) oder
auch "Simba Kali" (Grimmiger Löwe). Trinken muss er offensichtlich
nur wenig, sondern deckt seinen Flüssigkeitsbedarf weitgehend aus
den Beutetieren.
Feinde:
Hin und wieder mag ein Karakal einem hungrigen Leoparden zum Opfer
fallen. Ansonsten braucht der rotbraune Jäger keine natürlichen
Feinde zu fürchten. Wie die meisten grösseren Raubtiere hat er
jedoch im Menschen von alters her einen Erzfeind: Vor allem
als «Viehdieb» wurde und wird der Karakal in weiten Bereichen seines
Verbreitungsgebiets unnachgiebig bejagt. So haben beispielsweise die
Farmer in Namibia allein im Jahr 1981 nahezu dreitausend Karakals
getötet.
Bestand:
Erfreulicherweise scheint der Karakal diesem enormen Jagddruck zum
Trotz in vielen Bereichen seines Verbreitungsgebiets noch immer in
gesunden Beständen vorzukommen. Dies mag vor allem darauf
zurückzuführen sein, dass seine hauptsächliche Nahrungsgrundlage -
verhältnismässig kleinwüchsige Säugetiere und Vögel- durch die
Aktivitäten des Menschen nicht sonderlich beeinträchtigt werden.
Dort, wo Trockengebiete in künstlich bewässerte Kulturflächen
umgewandelt worden sind, mag er sogar von diesen profitieren. Auch
verfügt der Karakal dank seiner verhältnismässig hohen
Fortpflanzungsrate und der Auswanderbereitschaft der jungerwachsenen
Individuen über ein gutes Potential, ausgedünnte Bestände wieder
aufzubauen. So hat die Art in Südafrika nachweislich Farmgebiete
wiederzubesiedeln vermocht, in denen sie durch unnachgiebige
Nachstellungen vorübergehend ausgemerzt war.
Über die Situation des Karakals in Somalia, sind praktisch keine
Angaben erhältlich. Wir wissen einzig, dass in diesem armen
ostafrikanischen Land weder Naturschutzgebiete existieren, die
diesen Namen verdienen, noch ein tatsächlicher Jagdschutz für die
einheimischen Wildtiere besteht. Die Landschaft Somalias ist
allerdings auf weiten Flächen durch trockene Gestrüppsavannen,
felsenreiche Hügelzüge und unwirtliche Halbwüsten geprägt. Man darf
darum annehmen, dass der Karakal auch in Somalia noch immer
einigermassen weitverbreitet ist und in überlebensfähigen Beständen
vorkommt (Kappeler, 1998).
Karakale und Menschen:
Im Vorderen Orient, Iran und in Indien wurden in der Vergangenheit
und zum Teil auch heute noch Karakale häufig zur Jagd auf Antilopen,
Hasen und Vögel (z.B. Pfauen) abgerichtet. Die Geschicklichkeit
eines zahmen Wüstenluchses wurde daran bemessen, wie viele Tauben er
aus einem am Boden pickenden Schwarm erbeuten konnte, bevor die
Vögel Zeit hatten, wegzufliegen. Gute «Jagdluchse» brachten es auf
sage und schreibe zehn bis zwölf Tauben!
Der Karakal hat kaum natürliche Feinde. Allerdings wurden 1981
allein in Namibia ca. 3000 dieser schönen Tiere von Farmern
als "Viehdieb" getötet.
** Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber [* 17. Januar 1739 in
Weißensee (Thüringen); † 10. Dezember 1810 in Erlangen] war ein
deutscher Mediziner und Naturforscher.
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http://www.wildlife-pal.org/portal/modules.php?
name=News&file=article&sid=19
Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858).*
The Sand Cat or Desert Cat (Felis margarita, Loche 1858).*
von: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Webseite:
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html
*Note: This article was published in "Gazelle : The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 66, June 2007, pp. 1-13.
Article Reference:
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die
Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle:
Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007,
Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 1-13. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische
Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and
Arabic).
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html
Die Sandkatze, Wüstenkatze oder Dünenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche
1858) ist eine kleine Wildkatze, die an das Leben in extrem
trockenen Wüstengebieten angepasst ist. Das Epitheton margarita geht
auf Capitaine Jean-Auguste Margueritte (1823–1870) zurück, der um
1850 unter französischer Flagge in Algerien stationiert war.
Merkmale:
Die Fellfarbe der Sandkatzen ist dem Wüstensand ähnlich, so dass sie
dort hervorragend getarnt sind. Sie sind gelb- bis grau-braun und
haben einen zwei- oder dreimal dunkelbraun bis schwarz beringten
Schwanz, die schwarze Schwanzspitze setzt sich etwas deutlicher ab,
Kehle und Brust sind weiß. Mit einer Körperlänge (Kopfrumpflänge)
von etwa 40 bis 57 cm, einer Schwanzlänge von 30 bis 35 cm und einem
Stockmaß (Schulterhöhe) von 25 bis 30 cm sind sie deutlich kleiner
als die Falb- (Felis silvestris) oder die Hauskatze, sie wiegen
1.500 bis 3.500 g. Sie haben einen breiten, abgeflachten Kopf und
große, weit außen stehende Ohren mit langen Härchen zum Schutz,
damit kein Sand eindringt. Die nach vorn gerichteten Augen sind
ebenfalls recht groß. Ein rötlich-orangefarbener Streifen verläuft
von den Augen über die Wangen. An den Körperseiten verlaufen kaum
sichtbare, verwaschene, senkrechte Streifen. Die Vorderbeine sind am
Ansatz schwach dunkelbraun bis schwarz gebändert, die Pfoten sind
mit dichten, drahtigen und verfilzten schwarzen Haarbüscheln
besetzt, die den direkten Kontakt mit dem heißen Wüstensand
verhindern und vor Kälte schützen sollen, so sinken sie auch nicht
ein und hinterlassen kaum Spuren. Diese «Filzpantoffeln» ermöglichen
es der kleinen Katze, festen Tritt im lockeren Dünensand zu finden
und sich mit erstaunlicher Leichtigkeit auf dieser Unterlage
fortzubewegen. Auch ihr mittellanges Fell schützt vor heißen Tag-
und kalten Nachttemperaturen. Die Krallen sind nicht sehr scharf,
schließlich gibt es in den Wüsten nichts, woran sie sie abwetzen
können.
Eine bemerkenswerte Anpassung der Sandkatze an ihren öden Lebensraum
ist ferner ihr auffallend breiter, abgeflachter Schädel mit den weit
aussen am Kopf ansetzenden Ohrmuscheln. In der Wüste gibt es ja fast
keine Pflanzen, hinter denen sie sich die kleine Katze bei der Jagd
verstecken kann. Dank ihrer Kopfform vermag sie sich aber so flach
zu machen, dass ihr selbst die geringsten Bodenunebenheiten als
Deckung genügen.
Sandkatzen geben verschiedene Laute von sich, sie mauzen, knurren,
fauchen, spucken und schnurren.
Sie haben in der Wildnis eine Lebenserwartung von etwa 8 bis 10
Jahren, in Gefangenschaft von bis zu 13 Jahren (de-Wikipedia, 2007).
Vorkommen:
Die Sandkatze ist eine reine Wüstenbewohnerin. Ihr
Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich vom westafrikanischen Senegal
ostwärts über die gesamte Sahara und die Wüsten der Arabischen
Halbinsel bis in die Trockengebiete der westasiatischen Republiken
Turkmenistan, Usbekistan und Kasachstan (Kappeler 1999).
In Arabien, lebt die Arabische Sandkatze (Felis margarita harrisoni,
Hemmer, Grubb und Groves 1976) in Palästina (Nord Wadi Arabah und
Süd Gaza-Streifen), Jordanien, Saudi Arabien, Kuweit, Jemen, Oman,
Emirate und Katar. Felis margarita harrisoni lebt auch in Sinai und
Ägypten (Khalaf-von Jaffa, Mai 2007).
Sandkatzen leben in etwa 15 bis 20 km² großen, sich überlappenden
Revieren in vier voneinander getrennten Regionen: in der Sahara (als
Unterart Felis margarita margarita, Loche 1858 & Felis margarita
meinertzhageni, Pocock 1938), und auch in Niger und Sudan (Felis
margarita airensis, Pocock 1938); in Arabien (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb und Groves 1976); in Zentral-Asien (Felis
margarita thinobia, Ognev 1926) und in Pakistan (Felis margarita
scheffeli, Hemmer 1974). Sie bewohnen generell Sand- und
Steinwüsten, die für Falb- und Steppenkatzen zu trocken sind, vor
allem solche mit Sanddünen.
Verhalten:
Innerhalb ihres weiten Verbreitungsgebiets zeigt die Sandkatze eine
deutliche Vorliebe für sandige Wüstenstriche, wo bis zu 150 Meter
hohe Wanderdünen das Landschaftsbild prägen. In felsigen und
buschbestandenen Gebieten findet man sie seltener. Wie die meisten
Wüstentiere ist sie hauptsächlich nachts unterwegs. Die heissen
Tagesstunden verschläft sie in einer selbstgegrabenen Höhle,
mitunter auch im Schatten eines Strauchs (Kappeler 1989).
Sandkatzen sind Einzelgänger und nachtaktiv. Sie haben gelernt, sich
im Dunkeln zu ducken und ihre Augen zu schließen, wenn man auf sie
leuchtet. Somit kann man die Sandkatze mithilfe der Reflexion ihrer
Augen nicht lokalisieren. Dies zusammen mit ihrer dem Wüstensand
ähnelnden Fellfarbe stellt eine hohe Anpassung an ihre Umgebung dar.
Selbst ihre Exkremente werden verscharrt, so war es bisher kaum
möglich, sie finden und analysieren zu können.
Sandkatzen können nicht sehr gut klettern und springen, dafür aber
ausgezeichnet graben. Abends, wenn es etwas kühler ist, legen sie
sich meist auf den Rücken, um sich abzukühlen (de-Wikipedia, 2007).
Ernährung und Jagdverhalten:
Die Sandkatzen sind nachtaktive Einzelgänger, die wenig erforscht
sind. Wie die meisten Katzen können sie exzellent hören, riechen und
sehen, auch im Dunklen. Mit ihrem Gehör können sie sogar Beute unter
der Sandoberfläche ausmachen. Zumeist graben sie ihre Beute aus, ist
sie zu groß, wird ein Teil für später eingegraben. Ihre eigenartige
Schädelform mit den weit außen angestellten Ohren lassen die kleine
Katze sich so flach auf den Boden legen, dass sie schon hinter
kleinen Bodenunebenheiten nicht mehr zu sehen ist. Denn Sträucher
und Grasbüschel gibt es in der öden Wüstenlandschaft nicht, hinter
denen sie sich zur Jagd vor der Beute verstecken können. Sie jagen
kleine Nagetiere und Vögel, Reptilien, Insekten und Spinnen. Auch
jagen sie oft Schlangen, die sie mit Hieben auf den Kopf verwirren,
bevor sie mit einem Nackenbiss getötet werden. Auch Eier nimmt sie
hin und wieder. Ihren Flüssigkeitsbedarf bezieht sie anscheinend
allein aus den Beutetieren, sie muss also nicht trinken.
Selbst wird die Sandkatze von Schakalen, Eulen und Schlangen gejagt
(de-Wikipedia, 2007).
Fortpflanzung:
Da die Populationen der Sandkatzen gering sind, haben sie einen sehr
lauten Paarungsruf, der dem Bellen eines kleinen Haushundes ähnelt.
Sie werfen nach einer Tragzeit von etwa 60 bis 65 Tagen
von Februar bis April: Felis margarita margarita,
von März bis April: Felis margarita harrisoni,
von Mitte März bis Mitte Mai: Felis margarita thinobia
und von September bis Oktober: Felis margarita scheffeli
durchschnittlich zwei bis fünf Welpen, der größte bisher beobachtete
Wurf jedoch belief sich auf acht Welpen. Sie wiegen 40 bis 55 g und
nehmen täglich 12 g zu. Mit zwei Wochen öffnen sie ihre Augen und
mit drei Wochen beginnen sie zu laufen. Feste Nahrung nehmen sie mit
fünf Wochen zu sich. Bis zu einem Alter von sechs bis acht Monaten
werden sie vom Muttertier in die Jagdkunst eingelernt, dann sind sie
unabhängig und verlassen die Familie, und die Jungen machen sich auf
die Suche nach eigenen Wohngebieten in ihrer kargen Wüstenwelt. Mit
etwa neun bis dreizehn Monaten werden Sandkatzen geschlechtsreif.
Gefährdung und Schutz:
Die Sandkatze ist nicht durch Habitatszerstörung gefährdet, da sie
nur in unwirtlichen und menschenfeindlichen Wüstenregionen lebt. Die
Wüstenkatze bewohnt besonders ungastliche und daher selten begangene
Winkel unseres Planeten. Es ist deshalb schwierig, ihre gegenwärtige
Bestandssituation auch nur einigermassen exakt abzuschätzen.
Immerhin wissen wir, dass der Lebensraum des kleinen Wüstenraubtiers
in keiner Weise bedroht ist: Weder im nördlichen Afrika noch in
Arabien oder Westasien herrscht Mangel an Wüstengebieten mit
Sanddünen.
Laut islamischen Überlieferungen war sie ein Begleiter von Prophet
Mohammad (Friede und Gottes Segen auf ihm) und seiner Tochter,
deshalb werden sie auch nicht gejagt, wenn sie Beute in
Viehbeständen machen. Trotzdem sind die Sandkatzen gefährdet, weil
sie der Sportjagd zum Opfer fallen. Man vergiftet sie
beispielsweise, um deren Felle im Pelzhandel illegal anbieten zu
können. Sie werden aber auch gefangen, um sie im Handel als
Hauskatzen anzubieten. Man spekuliert auch, ob die Golfkriege zur
Bestandsdezimierung beigetragen haben. Alles in allem ist die
Sandkatze aber die am wenigsten gefährdete Wildkatze.
Allerdings weist die Sandkatze von jeher nirgendwo hohe
Bestandsdichten auf und ist darum sehr anfällig auf die direkte
Nachstellung seitens des Menschen. Tatsächlich hat dies gebietsweise
zu einem Rückgang der Bestände geführt. Es wäre gewiss
wünschenswert, wenn der hübschen kleinen Wüstenbewohnerin ihr
ohnehin nicht leichtes Leben in ihrer kargen Heimat nicht noch
zusätzlich erschwert würde (Kappeler 1999).
Die IUCN schätzt den Bestand der Sandkatze auf weniger als 50.000
adulte Tiere und stuft die Art als "gering gefährdet" ein (de-
Wikipedia, 2007).
Naturgeschichte:
Der französische Armeekommandant und Naturforscher Victor-Jean-
François Loche (1806–1863) nahm 1855/56 an einer Expedition zur
Erkundung der algerischen Provinz Ouargla in der nördlichen Sahara
teil. Dabei entdeckte er die Sandkatze, die er bis dato als
unbekannt identifizierte. Der Leiter der Expedition war Capitaine
Jean-Auguste Margueritte (1823–1870), ihm zu Ehren gab er der
Sandkatze den wissenschaftlichen Namen Felis margarita,
also «Margueritte-Katze». Da margarita aber das griechische Wort
für «Perle» ist, wurde die kleine Katze später - in Unkenntnis des
Ursprungs ihres Namens - oft «Perlkatze» genannt. Auch die
Bezeichnungen «Wüstenkatze» und «Dünenkatze» tauchten gelegentlich
auf. Heute verwendet man aber allgemein den Namen «Sandkatze».
Taxonomie:
Einige Katzenforscher, wie Theodor Haltenorth (1910–1981) und Paul
Leyhausen (1916–1998), sind der Ansicht, dass die asiatische
Unterart Felis margarita thinobia aufgrund bestimmter
Schädelmerkmale in eine selbstständige Art, Barchankatze (Felis
thinobia), taxonomisch einzuordnen ist. Die asiatische und die
afrikanischen Unterarten sollen sich in Anpassung an die extremen
Lebensbedingungen in der Sandwüste unabhängig voneinander entwickelt
haben. Es gilt aber die Auffassung, dass beide Formen derselben
Abstammung und sie nur unterartlich verschieden sind (de-Wikipedia,
2007).
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The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in
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By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Website:
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*Note: This article was published in "Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 65, May 2007. p. 20.
Article Reference:
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The
Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the
State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number
65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Qatar_Sand_Cat.html
Abstract:
The photographing of an Arabian Sand Cat, Felis margarita harrisoni,
from Al Wabra, Qatar in 1987, confirms the existence of this species
in the State of Qatar.
While writing an article about the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976), I searched the Internet
for references and photos. I saw the pages of Prof. Dr. Colin Groves
from the Australian National University (ANU), and discovered there
an Arabian sand cat photo from Al Wabra, State of Qatar, which was
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Cat, Felis margarita harrisoni, from the Gaza Strip, in spring 1994,
confirms the existence of this species in the Palestinian
territories.
Kurzfassung: Die erste Beobachtung und fotografieren einer Arabische
Sandkatze, Felis margarita harrisoni, im Frühling 1994 in den Gaza-
Streifen bestätigt das Vorkommen der Art in die palästinensische
Gebiete.
Key words: Felidae, Mammals, Carnivores, Middle East, Arabia,
Palestine, Gaza Strip, Distribution, Zoogeography.
While writing an article about the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine, I searched
the Internet for references and photos. I saw the homepage of the
Russian Zoologist Vladimir Dinets, and discovered there a sand cat
photo which was taken by him, during his visit to the Gaza Strip. I
was very curious, because there was no official record of the
Arabian Sand Cat from the Gaza Strip. So I sent him an E-mail,
asking for more information concerning this photo. He answered back,
and wrote that he "don't have field notes from that time", and that
this photo which is "a bit out of focus" was taken in the "early
morning" in the Gaza Strip, "somewhere in the southern corner in the
spring of 1994". He "heard that an airport was later built in that
area". This Airport is the Gaza International Airport or Yaser
Arafat International Airport, which was opened in1998, but was
closed in 2001 after being severely damaged by Israeli military
forces; and it is located near the town of Rafah, southern Gaza
Strip, close to the Egyptian Border.
This sighting and photographing of the Arabian Sand Cat by the
Russian Zoologist Vladimir Dinets in the Rafah area, southern Gaza
Strip, which dates back to 1994, was the first sight record of this
felid species from the Gaza Strip, Palestine.
The Arabian sand cat Felis margarita harrisoni is the smallest
member of the Felidae found in Arabia, and although sand cats are
found from North Africa, through Arabia and into Central Asia,
little information is available on these elusive animals. The sand
cat is considered to be "Near Threatened" by the IUCN, with the
proviso that it could qualify as "Vulnerable" if better information
were available (Strauss, Shobrak and Shah, 2006).
There are little scientific publications on the ecology and
distribution of the sand cat in Arabia. It was first discovered in
Arabia by the British Explorer Sir Wilfred Thesiger, who obtained an
incomplete (fragmentary) skin, without skull from Ramlat Al-Ghafa,
Oman, Eastern Rub' Al-Khali in 1947 (Hayman and Harrison 1950,
Harrison 1968).
Further confirmation of its existence in the southern Arabian
peninsula was forthcoming in 1952, with the capture of a living
specimen near Beihan, western Yemen, on the south-western fringes of
Rub' Al-Khali. This Animal was then kept in the London Zoo, and
lived there for seven years (Hayman 1952, Harrison 1968); Haltenorth
(1953) published further photographs of this living Sand Cat.
There is a sand cat status report from the Emirates (Cunningham
2002); and the confirmation of the species' presence in Wadi Rum,
Jordan (Mountfort 1965, Hemmer 1978, Bunaian et al. 1998); and in
the Kuwaiti Desert, Kuwait (Khalaf-von Jaffa, April 2007); and in Al
Wabra, Qatar (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2007); and in the sandy desert
of central Saudi Arabia and in the Eastern Province (Lipscombe
Vincett 1982), and there is also a study of the range and habitat
use of the sand cat in Saudi Arabia (Strauss et al. 2006). A living
specimen from Sinai was at the Tel Aviv University Museum in the
early 1970's (Hemmer et al. 1976, Qumsiyeh 1996).
In Palestine, the Israeli Zoologist Professor Fritz Shimon
Bodenheimer (1958) did not mention in his article "The Present
Taxonomic Status of the Terrestrial Mammals of Palestine" the sand
cat as member of the Palestinian Fauna; and so did the Palestinian
Geneticist and Zoologist Professor Mazin B. Qumsiyeh (1996) in his
book "Mammals of the Holy Land"; but in the early 1990's there was a
study done on the Sand cats in Wadi Arabah, Occupied Palestine, by
the Israeli Zoologist Menahem Abbadi (1991 & 1992).
The sand cat was also mentioned from Wadi Arabah by the Israeli
Artist and Zoologist Walter W. Ferguson (2002) in his book "The
Mammals of Israel".
In a recent Palestinian study, done by Abd Rabou, Yassin, Al Agha,
Hamad, and Ali in 2007, the researchers did not include the Arabian
Sand Cat as member of the Gaza Strip Mammals. The only felid species
which was mentioned from the Gaza Strip and Wadi Gaza was the Wild
Cat (Felis silvestris) (Abd Rabou et al. 2007).
The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) is known to live in
the northern Wadi Arabah, Occupied Palestine, and is now newly known
from the southern Gaza Strip. It is the smallest felid species
living in Palestine. The other Palestinian felids are: the Palestine
Wild Cat (Felis silvestris tristrami), the Palestine Jungle Cat
(Felis chaus furax), the Arabian Caracal Lynx (Caracal caracal
schmitzi) and the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr)
(Mendelssohn 1989, Khalaf-von Jaffa, April 2006).
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica), and the Asiatic
or Iranian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) disappeared from the
Palestinian Environment in 1630 and 1959, respectively (Khalaf-von
Jaffa, April 2006).
Acknowledgment:
Thanks are due to the Russian Zoologist Vladimir Dinets, for giving
me the permission to use his Gaza sand cat photo, which initiated
this sand cat article, and for his valuable Information about the
presence of the Arabian Sand Cat in the Gaza Strip, Palestine.
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Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the
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November 2005. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild
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Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus
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Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH.
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Website:
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Article:
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A new scientific article in: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin :
A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni,
Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of
Kuwait.
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Website:
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_13318445_59480041_deutsch.h
tml
Abstract: A recent sighting and live capture of an Arabian Sand Cat,
Felis margarita harrisoni, from the Kuwaiti Desert, in October 2006,
confirms the existence of this species in the State of Kuwait.
Kurzfassung: Die Beobachtung und lebendige Gefangennahme einer
Arabische Sandkatze, Felis margarita harrisoni, im Oktober 2006 in
der Kuweitische Wüste bestätigt das Vorkommen der Art in der Staat
Kuwait.
Key words: Felidae, Mammals, Carnivores, Middle East, Arabia,
Kuwait, Distribution, Zoogeography.
Article Reference: Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam
Ali Taher (2007). A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis
margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti
Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in
English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and
Arabic).
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_13318445_59480041_deutsch.h
tml
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288), Issue
Nr. 62, February 2007, is out.
Date of Publication: Monday 26.02.2007.
Website: http://gazelle.8m.net/
Contents:
1. The Extinction of the Palestinian or Hula Painted Frog
(Discoglossus nigriventer, Mendelssohn and Steinitz 1943): The
Result of Israeli Drainage of the Lake Hula. By: Norman Ali Bassam
Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
2. The Palestinian Frogs and Toads. By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
3. The Arabian Amphibians in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert
Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
4. Zum 1. Todestag : Eine Persönlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palästina / The
First Death Anniversary : A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine :
Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). von: Norman Ali
Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
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Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A
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Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo,
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Leopard nach Angriffen auf Menschen in Indien gesteinigt.
Srinagar. SDA/baz. Aufgebrachte und ängstliche Dorfbewohner haben im
indischen Kaschmir einen Leoparden gesteinigt. Dieser hatte auf
einem Raubzug zwei Menschen angegriffen.
Die Raubkatze löste in dem kleinen Dorf im Bezirk Pulwama Panik aus,
wie ein Polizeisprecher am Donnerstag mitteilte. Die Menschen hätten
das Tier mit Steinen und Stöcken beworfen, nach einer einstündigen
Verfolgungsjagd sei der Leopard verendet.
Im indischen Bundesstaat Maharashtra wurde am Mittwoch ein anderer
Leopard dabei gefilmt, wie er in einem Wohngebiet einen Menschen
attackierte. Forstbeamten gelang es schliesslich, das verängstigte
Tier einzufangen und in einem nahe gelegenen Wald auszusetzen.
In Indien werden besonders im Winter häufig Menschen von Leoparden
angegriffen, die auf der Suche nach Nahrung vom Hochgebirge in die
Dörfer ziehen. Rund 14 000 der geschützten Grosskatzen leben nach
Schätzungen auf dem Subkontinent.
In Kaschmir jagen die Behörden seit Wochen einen Leoparden, der
bereits vier Menschen getötet hat. Im vergangenen Jahr starben in
der Himalaya-Provinz zwölf Menschen bei Leoparden-Angriffen.
The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in
Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany.*
Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im
Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.*
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Chinese_Leopard.html
*Note: This article was published as:
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The
Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in
Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische
Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo,
Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Chinese_Leopard.html
On Friday 11.08.2006, and Monday 21.08.2006, I visited the
Neunkirchen Zoo in Neunkirchen City, situated in the Saarland
Federal State, Germany.
The Neunkirchen Zoo is 80 years old; it was first opened in 1926.
The Zoo contains nearly 650 animals representing approximately 140
species from six continents. More than 200.000 people visit the 12
ha (30 acre) zoo each year. The daily attractions are: free-flying
birds of prey show, seal feeding, and the elephant feeding talks.
Since 1934 many cat species lived in the Neunkirchen Zoo. The Lions
(Panthera leo) "Cäsar" and "Juno" came in 1934 from the Berlin Zoo
(A Gift from the Prussian Prime Minister Hermann Göring),
and "Helena" in 1936 (from the Berlin Circus Paul Busch), Siamese
cats (Felis silvestris f. domestica) in 1936 and 1950, one
Abyssinian cat (Felis silvestris f. domestica) in 1939, two Caracals
(Caracal caracal) in 1959, European wild cats (Felis silvestris) in
1961, Pumas (Puma concolor) in 1966, two Jungle cats (Felis chaus)
in 1967, five African Lions (Panthera leo) in 1968 (from the Mainz
Zoo), one Tiger cat or Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) in 1968 (from
the Mainz Zoo), one Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in 1968 (from the
Mainz Zoo), two Ceylon Leopards (Panthera pardus kotiya) in 1968,
two Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in 1969, Siberian Tigers
(Panthera tigris altaica) in 1975, the Black Panther (Panthera
pardus), the Amur Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), Chinese
Leopards (Panthera pardus japonensis), and the Indian Lions
(Panthera leo goojratensis) "Honey" and "Tamil" came in 1989 from
the East Berlin Zoo Friedrichsfelde (A Gift from the East German
President Erich Honecker), and "Gandhi" (from Nürnberg Zoo)
(Brandstätter, 2001).
During my two visits, I observed the only wild cat species living
now in the Zoo: The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis,
Gray 1862).
There are two female leopards living in a medium-size typical
enclosure in the Leopard House. The two sisters were captive born in
Salzburg Zoo on 05/04/1988. The first one is "Chi-Li" (Breed # 470)
which was transferred from Salzburg to Magdeburg Zoo on 05/12/1988,
and then it was transferred to Neunkirchen Zoo on 08/08/1996. The
second one is "Mai-Ling" (Breed # 471) which was also transferred
from Salzburg to Magdeburg Zoo on 05/12/1988, and then it was
transferred to Neunkirchen Zoo on 20/04/2005. Both females were
reared by their Parents.
The Neunkirchen Zoo is involved in the EEP (Europäisches
Erhaltungszucht-Programm / European Endangered Species Breeding
program) for Chinese Leopards. The EEP-coordinator is the Zoo
Veterinarian and Mammals Curator Dr. Michael Flügger from the
Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Germany.
During my two visits, I saw one of the two females; it was sitting
very calmly near the enclosure's fence, and was looking at us (me,
my wife "Ola" and my daughter "Nora"), and also looking all around
the place. After a while, it got up and walked a short distance
inside its enclosure, and then it sat down again near the fence.
The Chinese Leopard enclosure is near a big enclosure which contains
sheep, Amrock and Cochin cock; and behind the Leopard House there is
a big enclosure which contains the Angola Giraffe, Chapman Zebras
and the Blue-neck Ostriches.
The Leopard House was first built in 1972, and there is a new plan
to build modern enclosures for big cats (Lions, Tigers and Leopards)
in 2007/2008; and it will cost around 1.000.000 Euro.
The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) was
originally named on the basis of a skin purchased in Japan (where
leopards are absent). Chinese leopards, formerly called North China
leopards, have a broad range extending from Sichuan to southern
China and north to Beijing. These leopards live in northern China,
south of the Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis). Because
many of their populations are disjunct or otherwise restricted to
isolated mountain ranges, this medium-sized leopard is best
described as having an orange coat, long-haired during winter, with
black rosettes that vary somewhat in appearance depending on the
part of China from which the individual originated. The rosettes are
large, have much darker enclosed fur, and sometimes even a spot
within the rosette - traits common in jaguars, but not seen in other
leopard subspecies. As a result of this variation, 3 to 4 additional
subspecies have been assigned to leopards originating in China, but
all are now considered junior synonyms of japonensis. Population
estimates are difficult to ascertain, but the wild population is
unlikely to number more than 2,500 breeding adults. The IUCN Red
List category has been changed from Vulnerable to Endangered, one
step below Critically Endangered. With a founder size of only eight
animals, this race has floundered in recent years and in January,
1999, the captive population outside of China numbered only 69
(34.35) leopards living in 32 zoos. Nearly all are maintained in
Europe. While there are known to be additional Chinese leopards in
Chinese zoos as well as a regional (China) studbook, interaction
between the international and Chinese population has been lacking.
There is a highly genetically diverse population in Europe, which
will allow this species to continue for another 2-3 generations. New
founder blood (wild-caught) is needed to maintain a genetically
sound captive colony in Europe. There is a possibility of receiving
captured 'problem' animals that would otherwise have been destroyed.
In North America, this subspecies is being phased out due to a lack
of space and low founder size.
The weight ranges in Chinese Leopard males from 80 to 198 pounds,
and in females from 60 to 130 pounds. The height measures at the
shoulder from 18 to 30 inches. In captivity, they have been known to
live 20 years or more; and in the wild it is thought to be closer to
12 years.
Special thanks go to the Neunkirchen Zoo Director Dr. Norbert
Fritsch for providing Information and Zoo-Records about the Chinese
Leopards in Neunkirchen Zoo, and sending the new Zoo publications
(commemorating the Neunkirchen Zoo's 80th Anniversary).
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the
Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemon corinaria). A
Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for
Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children
for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and
Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994.
pp. 16-21. (in Arabic).
Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n
(Anemon corinaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI
(Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental
Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with
Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4.
Huzairan 1994. pp. 51-52. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals
in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home
Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction.
http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Threatened Mammals. In: Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and
Endangered Animals and Reintroduction.
http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In:
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage / Gazelle: Das
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288).
http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Leopards in Palestine. In:
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage.
http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Asiatic or Persian Lion
(Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische
Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina,
Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983-2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and
Europe between 1983-2004. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten.
Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali
Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gazelle_Bulletin.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. Number 41, Twenty-third Year, May 2005. pp. 1-9.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Leopard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera
pardus nimr. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. Number 42. Twenty-third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-
8. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Arabischer_Leopard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic
Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 –
2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in
Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. Erste Auflage,
August 2005: 376 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler,
Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Aquatica_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai
City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 45, Twenty-third Year, September 2005, Sha'ban
1426. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the
Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third Year, October 2005, Ramadan 1426.
pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the
Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied
Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47,
Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005).
Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year,
November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the
Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48, Twenty-
third Year, December 2005, Thu Alqi'da 1426. pp. 1-9. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische
Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 49, Twenty-fourth
Year, January 2006, Thu Alhijja 1426. pp. 1-5.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sumpters (Animals) of the
Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 51,
Twenty-fourth Year, March 2006, Rabie' Alawal 1427. pp. 1-4. (in
Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild
Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Number 52, Twenty-fourth Year, April 2006, Rabie' Althani 1427. pp.
1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Palaestina.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische
Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 53, Twenty-fourth Year, May 2006, Rabie'
Althani 1427. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Gepard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus).
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, Twenty-
fourth Year, June 2006, Jumada Al-Ulla 1427. pp. 1-8. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Rohrkatze.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia
Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-
fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina1.html (Part 1) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina2.html (Part 2) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina3.html (References).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-
2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia
and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 : 484 Seiten.
Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia
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between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf,
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
pp. 147-149. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Lion_Palestine.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
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Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
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Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein
Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A
Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp. 1-
25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic).
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_85658724_59480041_deutsch.h
tml
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The
Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in
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Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo,
Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
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Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus
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Raubtier-Circus Humberto zu Gast im Jerichower Land.
Manege frei: Ein Leben für Tiere und Publikum.
Von Friedemann Kahl.
Raubtier-Circus " Humberto " aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern gastiert die
nächsten beiden Wochen in Burg und Genthin. Höhepunkt der
Vorstellungen sind die Dressuren der afrikanischen Berber-Löwen.
Burg / Genthin. Joschi Ortmann liebt seine vier Löwen. Auch wenn er
für diese Liebe immer wieder sein Leben aufs Spiel setzen muss. "
Mir wurden schon der Kiefer und die Hand durchgebissen. Die Narben
und Kratzer am ganzen Körper zähle ich gar nicht mehr ", beschreibt
der Zirkusdirektor die Spuren seiner Arbeit. Schon als 16-J ähriger
stand Joschi Ortmann mit Raubtieren in der Manege. Damals war er
sogar der jüngste Dompteur Europas. Heute ist Ortmann ein alter Hase
im Umgang mit den Raubkatzen. Den Respekt vor den Löwen hat er in
den gesamten Jahren aber nie verloren. " Wenn ich jetzt in den
Löwenkäfi g gehen würde, wäre ich in drei Sekunden tot. Die Tiere
akzeptieren mich nur in der Manege. Da bin ich der Chef ", erzählt
Ortmann nicht ohne Stolz. Und selbst da ist er nicht immer die
unangefochtene Nummer eins. " Ich muss mich immer wieder neu
behaupten. Die Löwen versuchen, mich regelmäßig als Führer zu
verdrängen ". So kam es auch schon vor, dass Ortmann von allen vier
Löwen gleichzeitig angegriffen wurde. Er lag schon am Boden, als
seine Kollegen schließlich mit Feuerlöschern eingriffen, um ihren
Direktor aus den Klauen der wilden Katzen zu befreien.
Bei kleineren Zwischenfällen muss die Vorstellung jedoch
durchgezogen werden. " Wenn ich wegen einer kleinen Blutung die
Dressur abbrechen würde, geraten die Tiere außer Rand und Band. Das
einstudierte Programm müssen die Löwen abspulen, sonst verlieren sie
völlig die Orientierung ", weiß Joschi Ortmann. Nicht ungewöhnlich
ist es deshalb, dass er sich nur schnell die Blutung stoppt und erst
nach der Veranstaltung ins Krankenhaus zum Nähen fährt.
In 50 Städten pro Jahr gastiert Ortmann mit seinem großen Gefolge.
Über 30 Mitarbeiter, etwa 50 Tiere und 40 Fahrzeuge gehören dem
fahrenden Gewerbe an. Früher war der Raubtier-Circus " Humberto "
der tschechische Staatszirkus und nur zur Hälfte deutsch besetzt,
der Rest waren Artisten und Dompteure aus Tschechien. " Nach der
Wende haben wir uns dann getrennt und in Wittstock in Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern unsere Zentrale aufgemacht ", so der Direktor. Saison ist
von April bis November. Aber auch im Winterquartier kommt bei den
Zirkusleuten keine Langeweile auf. Fahrzeuge, Wohnwagen und Zelte
müssen repariert und gewartet werden. Die Artisten müssen regelmäßig
trainieren, neue Nummern werden eingeübt und auch die Tiere müssen
im Training bleiben. " Aber sobald die ersten Sonnenstrahlen
rauskommen, kann uns nichts mehr halten und wir müssen wieder auf
Tour. Und die erfordert eine organisatorische Höchstleistung.
Futter, Strom, Plakate, Wasser, Müllentsorgung, Standgenehmigungen, –
alles muss bestens vorbereitet sein. " Viele Leute denken immer,
der Aufbau des Zeltes macht die meiste Arbeit. Weit gefehlt.
Aufgebaut ist das in fünf Stunden, der Abbau dauert sogar nur zwei.
Aber die vielen Kleinigkeiten, die Kosten Zeit und Mühe ", sagt
Joschi Ortmann.
Besonders die Nebenkosten sind es, die dem Zirkuschef Sorgen machen.
Steigende Standgebühren, Plakatgenehmigungen, Wasser- und
Stromkosten. " Eine staatliche Förderung bekommen wir nicht. Das
ärgert mich. Wir sind auch Künstler und Zirkus ist ein Stück Kultur.
Jedes kleine Theater erhält eine fi nanzielle Unterstützung ",
kritisiert der Zirkusdirektor. Aufhören kommt für ihn jedoch auf
keinen Fall in Frage. Vater, Großvater, Urgroßvater – alle waren sie
Artisten oder Dompteure. Und auch die drei Kinder von Joschi Ortmann
sind wieder Artisten. " Ich bin auf 500 Schulen gegangen. Etwas
gelernt habe ich in der Manege ", sagt der Löwenbändiger.
Hallo Andrea.
Ja das ist Richtig.
Junge Löwen haben rosafarbene Nasenspiegel, und werden Schwarz wenn
sie aelter werden.
Bitte lesen:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3512899.stm
Liebe Grüße
Norman Ali Khalaf
Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.
A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany.
von: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.
Article Reference: Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam
Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen,
Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen,
Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Number 59, November 2006. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
(in Arabisch / Arabic).
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_85658724_59480041_deutsch.h
tml
Article Website:
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_85658724_59480041_deutsch.h
tml
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Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984).The Fennec: The Desert Fox
(Fennecus zerda). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Second Year. Number 4. April 1984. pp. 1-12. Al Salimiah, State of
Kuwait. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984). The Long-eared Hedgehog
(Hemiechinus auritus) in the Arabian Peninsula. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Second Year. Number 5. May 1984.
pp. 1-18. Hanweiler, Saarland, Federal Republic of Germany. (in
Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984-1985). The Weasel Project:
Scientific Research on captive weasels (Mustela nivalis) in the
Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham, England, during
the Academic Year 1984-1985. Supervisor: Dr. Nigel Dunstone.
Unpublished scientific research and data. Research Notebook. pp. 1-
52.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1985). Activity Patterns and Sexual
Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at
Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Department of Zoology, University
of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom. Number 7. Third Year. September
1985. pp. 1-22.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1986). The Siberian Tiger (Panthera
tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal
Republic of Germany. Fourth Year. Number 10. Rabiea Alakher 1407 AH.
December 1986 AD. pp. 1-9.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in
Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth
Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 1-10.
Khalaf, Norman (1987). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in
Palestine). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11,
Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12-13. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus
jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year.
Number 12. Jamadi Alakhera 1407 AH, February 1987 AD. pp.1-9.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). A Trip to Kuwait Zoo, State of
Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year, Number 13,
Ramadan 1407 AH, April 1987 AD. pp. 1-5. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). On a Collection of Devon Period
Animal Fossils from the Saarland, in the Geologische Museum Saarberg
in Saarbrücken, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Number
15, Fifth Year, Thul Qi'dah 1407 AH, July 1987 AD. pp. 9-10.
Khalaf-von Palästina, Norman Ali Bassam (1988). The Arabian Oryx
(Oryx leucoryx) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany.
Number17, Sixth Year, Ramadan 1408 AH, Mai 1988 AD.pp. 1-8.
Khalaf-von Palästina, Norman Ali Bassam (1988). The Honey Badger in
Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Number
18, Sixth Year, Rabie' Alakher 1409 AH, November 1988 AD. pp. 1-2.
(in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1988). Activity Patterns and Reproductive
Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) at
Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. International
Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia. Volume 5, pp. 61 -
71. Editor: Leif Blomqvist, Helsinki Zoo, Finland.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1989). Notes on the Caracal Lynx, Caracal
caracal. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 19, Seventh Year,
December 1989. pp. 1-2. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1990). The Wolf (Canis lupus)
in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 20, Eighth Year,
December 1990. pp. 1-11.
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest,
Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21, Ninth Year,
January 1991. pp. 1-4.
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Otter (Lutra lutra)
in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 22, Ninth Year,
February 1991. pp. 1-4.
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). Die Dinosaurier
Ausstellung im Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, Bundesrepublik
Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 27, Tenth Year, April
1992. pp. 1-8.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). Notes on the Biological Ecology of
the Marshes in Southern Iraq. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number
29, Tenth Year, September 1992. pp. 1-9. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). The United Nations Ecological
Report confirms: The Regime of Saddam is destroying the Marshes (Al-
Ahwar) Ecosystem. Sawt Al-Kuwait International Newspaper. Saturday
17 October 1992, 21 Rabi'e Al-Thani 1412. pp. 15. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the
Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of
Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the
Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemon corinaria). A
Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for
Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children
for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and
Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994.
pp. 16-21. (in Arabic).
Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n
(Anemon corinaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI
(Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental
Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with
Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4.
Huzairan 1994. pp. 51-52. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Ali (1997). Fennec. Magazin der Akademie. Nummer 1. Zu
Elkeda 1417 H, März 1997. König Fahad Akademie – Bonn, Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Deutschland. p.7. (in Englisch).
Khalaf, Norman Ali (2001). Foxes of Palestine.
www.geocities.com/ali_porsche2000/fox.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals
in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home
Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction.
http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Threatened Mammals. In: Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and
Endangered Animals and Reintroduction.
http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Syrian Bear. In: Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. Extinct and Endangered
Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Mesopotamian or Persian Fallow
Deer. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage.
Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction.
http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In:
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage / Gazelle: Das
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288).
http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Leopards in Palestine. In:
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage.
http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Asiatic or Persian Lion
(Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Mustelids of Palestine. In:
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. Mammals in
Palestine and the Book "Mammalia Arabica".
http://gazelle.8m.net/catalog.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Common Weasel. In: Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. Extinct and Endangered
Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische
Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina,
Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983-2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and
Europe between 1983-2004. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten.
Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali
Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gazelle_Bulletin.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. Number 41, Twenty-third Year, May 2005. pp. 1-9.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Leopard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera
pardus nimr. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. Number 42. Twenty-third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-
8. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Arabischer_Leopard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic
Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 –
2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in
Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. Erste Auflage,
August 2005: 376 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler,
Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Aquatica_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai
City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 45, Twenty-third Year, September 2005, Sha'ban
1426. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the
Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third Year, October 2005, Ramadan 1426.
pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the
Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied
Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47,
Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005).
Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year,
November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the
Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48, Twenty-
third Year, December 2005, Thu Alqi'da 1426. pp. 1-9. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische
Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 49, Twenty-fourth
Year, January 2006, Thu Alhijja 1426. pp. 1-5.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sumpters (Animals) of the
Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 51,
Twenty-fourth Year, March 2006, Rabie' Alawal 1427. pp. 1-4. (in
Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild
Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Number 52, Twenty-fourth Year, April 2006, Rabie' Althani 1427. pp.
1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Palaestina.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische
Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 53, Twenty-fourth Year, May 2006, Rabie'
Althani 1427. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Gepard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus).
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, Twenty-
fourth Year, June 2006, Jumada Al-Ulla 1427. pp. 1-8. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Rohrkatze.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia
Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-
fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina1.html (Part 1) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina2.html (Part 2) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina3.html (References).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-
2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia
and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 : 484 Seiten.
Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia
Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe
between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf,
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
pp. 147-149. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Lion_Palestine.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ornithomimid
Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem, Palestine.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-
fourth Year, August 2006. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-7.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Dinosaur_Palestine.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Common
Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and the East
Mediterranean Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Number 57, September 2006. pp.1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Weasel_Palestine.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the
Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein
Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A
Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.
1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic).
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_85658724_59480041_deutsch.h
tml
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The
Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in
Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische
Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo,
Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Chinese_Leopard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Mustelids
of Palestine. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Mustelid.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2007). Fauna Palaestina. A Zoological
Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Fauna
Palaestina. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa
zwischen 1980-2007. (Book in preparation, 2007).
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Fauna_Palaestina.html
Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian mammals: a natural history. Academic
Press, London.
Lewis, R.E. and Sana Issa Atallah (1966). A note on the occurrence
of Mellivora capensis ssp. in Northern Saudi Arabia (Mellivorinae:
Mustelidae). Zeit. F. Säugetierkd., 31 (1966) 115: 390.
Lewis, R.E.; Lewis, J.H.; and Sana Issa Atallah (1968). A review of
Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and
Artiodactyla. J. of Zool. (London) 154: 517-531.
Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of
Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem,
Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp.
North Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis).www.cathouse-
fcc.org/chineseleopard.html
Northern Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis). Big Cats.
http://ecoworld.com/animals/Big_Cats_Chinese_Leopard.cfm
Osborn, D. and Helmy, I. (1980). The contemporary land mammals of
Egypt (including Sinai). Fieldiana Zool., New Series 5:1-579.
Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992). Review of "Mammals of Arabia" by D.L.
Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229.
Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech
University Press. Pps. 389.
Saarbrücker Zoo: Ein Erdteile-Zoo. Zoo-Führer. (ohne datum).
Herausgeber: Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken. 56 Seiten.
Setzer, H. W. (1958). The mustelids of Egypt. J. Egypt. Public
Health Assoc., 33: 199-204.
Tchernov, E. (1988). The biogeographical history of the southern
Levant. Pp. 389-410. in: The zoogeography of Israel (Y. Yom-Tov and
E. Tchernov. Eds.). Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands,
viii + 600 pp.
Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. Proc.
Zool. Soc. London.1866: 84-93.
Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society
for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp.
Tristram, H. B. (1884). The Fauna and Flora of Palestine. The Survey
of Western Palestine. The Comm. of the Palestine Exploration Fund
Pub., London. 455 pp.
Wiley, L.R. (1958). Bible Animals: Mammals of the Bible. Vantage
Press, New York.
Zoo Neunkirchen. www.zoo-neunkirchen.de
Zoologischer Garten Saarbrücken. Zoo-Infos.de, ein Service der Zoo-
AG Bielefeld, www.zoo-infos.de/set.html?/zoos/347.html
Hallo,
ich hab mit den Kindern zusammen das Kinderbuch "Lionboy" gelesen und
darin wurde erwähnt, daß junge Löwen noch rosafarbene Nasenspiegel
hätten, die, während sie erwachsen werden dunkel werden.
Nun meine Frage, ist dies wirklich so?
Ist das auch bei anderen Katzen so?
Meine Abys, die ja wildfarben sind haben ganz "normale" Tabby-Nasen
(also innen ziegelrot, aussen dunkel umrandet).
Liebe Grüße
Andrea
--
_______________________________________________________
mit Narla, Aquarius, Luna, Mia, Samurai, Rosie und Abal
- www.elmourabita.de -
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine.*
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa.
Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Lion_Palestine.html
*Note: This article was published in the Book: Mammalia Arabica. A
Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-
2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147-
149.
"Then what is wrong with them that they turn away from receiving
admonition. As if they were frightened wild donkeys. Fleeing from a
lion (Qaswara)." (The Holy Qur'an, Suret Al-Muddather, Aya 49-51).
Lions are the most powerful of all carnivorous animals. Although not
now found in Palestine, they must have been in ancient times very
numerous there. They had their lairs in the forests (The Bible:
Jeremiah 5:6; Jeremiah 12:8; Amos 3:4), in the caves of the
mountains (Song of Solomon 4:8; Nahum 2:12), and in the canebrakes
on the banks of the Jordan (Jeremiah 49:19; Jeremiah 50:44;
Zechariah 11:3).
"Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of
the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their
cities: everyone who goes out of them shall be torn in pieces:
because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are
increased." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 5:6).
"Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; she has lifted up
her voice against me: therefore have I hated it." (The Bible,
Jeremiah, 12:8).
"Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? Will a young
lion cry out of his den, if he has taken nothing?" (The Bible, Amos,
3:4).
"Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look
from the top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the
lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards." (The Bible, Song
of Solomon, 4:8).
"The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled
for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with
ravin." (The Bible, Nahum, 2:12).
"Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan
against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him
run away from her: and who is a chosen man that I may appoint over
her? For who is like me? And who will appoint me the time? And who
is that shepherd that will stand before me?" (The Bible, Jeremiah,
49:19 and 50:44).
"There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory
is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of
Jordan is spoiled." (The Bible, Zechariah, 11:3).
"And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the
sun went down, what is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than
a lion? And he said unto them, if ye had not plowed with my heifer,
ye had not found out my riddle." (The Bible, Judges, 14:18).
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Felis leo persica), this proud symbol
of strength and courage, must have been abundant in Biblical times.
According to the Bible, in which it appears under several different
names, the lion must have been quite common at that time. The
species appears often on mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine
periods. The thickets of the Jordan River were a preferred habitat.
It became extinct after the time of the Crusaders. The last mention
of them being by Arab writers of the 13th and 14th century, when
lions still existed near Samaria and other areas. One specimen has
been hunted at Lejun, near Megiddo, in the thirteenth century.
Alfaras Bin Shawer, Wali of Ramla, wrote that he saw eleven dead
lions after heavy rain in Ramla and the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja
in 1294. Sanqarshah Almansouri, Naib of Safad (1304-1307), killed in
the coastal forests 15 lions. At this time, lions certainly roamed
over parts of Syria and Arabia and along the Rivers Tigris and
Euphrates in Iraq, where in ancient times lions figured prominently
in the great royal hunts in Assyria. It is clear that lions survived
in Mesopotamia until the nineteenth century, and there are several
references to them by travellers of that period.
The last remnant of the Asiatic Lion, which in historical times
ranged from Caucasus to Yemen and from Macedonia to India through
Arabia and Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir Forest National Park of
western India. About 350 lions (August 2005) live in a 1,412 km²
(558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. In 1907 there
were only 13 lions left in the Gir, when the Nawab of Junagadh gave
complete protection to them.
Unlike the tiger, which prefers dense forests with adequate cover,
the lion inhabits the scrub-type deciduous forests. Compared to its
African counterpart, the Indian lion has a scantier mane. The lion
seldom comes into contact with the tiger which also lives in India,
but not in the Gir region as this forest is hotter and more arid
than the habitat preferred by the tiger.
In Al-Jaleel (Galilee) there is a hill called Tel el Assad (Lion
Hill in Arabic), and there is a village nearby called Deir el Assad
(Monastery of the Lion), that may refer to a quite late occurrence
of this species. Bie'r Al-Sabe'e (Well of the Lion) is a famous
Palestinian city in the Naqab (Negev) desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa,
2006).
References and Internet Websites:
Al-Dumairi, Al-`Alama Al-Sheikh Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa
bin `Issa bin Ali (born in 1341 [742 H.] in Cairo and died in 1405
[808 H.] in Cairo, Egypt). Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra (The Great
Animal Life). Two Parts. Muasaset Al-A'lami Lilmatbua't, Beirut,
Lebanon, 2003, 1424 H. Part 1: pp. 464; Part 2: pp. 512. (in Arabic).
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Article Reference:
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia
Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe
between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf,
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
pp. 147-149.
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in
Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region.*
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa.
Website:http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html
Note: This article was published in "Gazelle : The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 58, October 2006, pp. 1-13.
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) is a subspecies
of lion (Panthera leo).
The last remnant of the Asiatic Lion, which in historical times
ranged from Caucasus to Yemen and from Macedonia to India through
Arabia and Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir Forest National Park of
western India. About 350 lions (August 2005) live in a 1,412 km²
(558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. In 1907 there
were only 13 lions left in the Gir, when the Nawab of Junagadh gave
complete protection to them.
Persian Lion, is similar to a tiger in the length of body and tail,
but differs in skin colour which is tawny overall without the
appearance of dark vertical stripes. Coat is thicker than African
lions, with a longer black tail tassel and a more prominent tuft of
hair on the elbows. Black patches are visible at the back of the
ears. However, there is little variation in colour between the sides
of its body and its abdomen, and between the inner surface of the
limbs and the outer surface.
There is even one example of a melanistic Persian lion. The
archaeologist Sir Austen Henry Layard reports that he saw a very big
Persian lion, which was described as being "very dark brown in
colour, in parts almost black."
Males are larger in size than females. The size of the mane varies
from race to race with the Persian race having a smaller mane than
the African one. The colouration of the manes varies from lion to
lion. The only rare ones are the very dark manes, which according to
a research done in Africa are the ones preferred by lionesses. The
young are sometimes born with an even colour overall, but often a
row of patches is visible on the upper surface of the body; seeming
like a horizontal stripe. Patches usually disappear after 6 months
but may still be visible up two or more years.
Lions mostly live in large prides. These prides can sometimes have
up to 3 adult males but it is always one that is the dominant
leader. The males are known for their laziness and lordship like
behaviour. The females do all the hunting, with the males only
rarely joining in when the prey is a very large animal like an
aggressive buffalo. However, once the kill is made, the males always
get the first go at the meal.
The bonding among a family of lions is extremely strong with aunts
and sisters helping in the bringing up of all young. Females stay
with the pride all through life, whereas the males tend to set out
on their own around the age of three. They mostly lead solitary
lives then onwards but have been known to also roam territories in
pairs and trios. These bachelors are known to be the main threats to
the dominant males leading their prides. They are also known to kill
cubs to try and get the females into estrus once again. These
bachelors are mostly brothers that left a pride together, but
individual bachelors have been known to team up with other
individuals.
Lions, unlike the tiger, hunt in groups. They collectively stalk
their prey and have been commonly seen applying strategies that
would do any army commander proud. Very often some of the females
pinpoint a particular individual prey and chase it in the direction
of other lionesses waiting in ambush. The prey is mostly killed by a
quick, powerful bite to the spine or with the help of a classic
choke grip, with the strong jaws of the lion cutting off air supply
to the lungs.
Although history shows the coexistence of lions and tigers, there is
no prevalent example of this anywhere in the world at present. Lions
do coexist even in the current era with leopards and cheetahs.
However, they are extremely territorial and attempt to kill these
leopards and cheetahs whenever their paths happen to cross. If the
attempt at relocating lions to other parts of India is finally
undertaken, it will also answer the question of whether it is
possible for two such ferociously territorial and powerful large
cats to inhabit the same jungle. Unlike the tiger, which prefers
dense forests with adequate cover, the lion inhabits the scrub-type
deciduous forests. Asiatic lions seldom come into contact with
Indian tigers, which don't live in the Gir region as this forest is
hotter and more arid than the habitat preferred by the tiger.
The Asiatic Lion has been declared the most endangered large cat
species in the world. Their numbers ranging between 250-350, all
concentrated in the same area, they are under the constant threat of
being wiped out by some deadly epidemic. It is hoped by all
conservationists that the governing authorities settle their
differences of opinion on the best possible plan and take some
action before it's too late to save one of the most magnificent
beasts to roam the planet.
Fact Sheet:
Weight: Male 150-250 Kg; Female 120-180 Kg.
Length (head and body): Male 170-250 cm; Female 140-175 cm.
Length (tail): 70-105 cm.
Shoulder height: Male 100-123 cm; Female 80-107 cm.
Sexual Maturity: Male 5 years; Female 4 years.
Mating season: All year round.
Gestation period: 100-119 days.
Number of young: 1 to 6.
Birth interval: 18-26 months.
Typical diet: Deer, antelope, wild boar, buffalo.
Lifespan: 16-18 years.
Historical Range:
a. Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the
Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes
advanced through Macedonia in 480 B.C., several of his baggage
camels were killed by lions. Lions are believed to have died out
within the borders of present-day Greece in A.D. 80-100 (Guggisberg,
1961).
b. Lions were probably found in the Azerbaijan area up to the 10th
century A.D. Their disappearance from the reed thickets and
pistachio and juniper forests is primarily associated with an
increase in human population and a change in environmental
conditions, which in turn led to the decline of ungulates in the
region (Heptner and Sludskii, 1972).
c. The thickets of the Jordan River in Palestine were a preferred
habitat. Lions could still be found in the vicinity of Samaria,
Lejun (near Megiddo), Ramla, the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja and
the coastal forests in the early 14th century (Khalaf-von Jaffa,
2001, 2006).
d. Lions disappeared from the Moroccan coast by the mid-1800s. They
may have survived in the High Atlas Mountains up to the 1940s.
e. Last known lion in Algeria killed in 1893 near Batna, 97 km south
of Constantine.
f. Last known lion killed in Tunisia in 1891 near Babouch, between
Tabarka and Ain-Draham.
g. Lions were extirpated from Tripolitania, western Libya as early
as 1700.
h. Last known lion in Turkey killed in 1870 near Birecik on the
Eurphrates (Üstay, 1990).
i. Sir Alfred Pease reported that lions still existed west of
Aleppo, Syria, in 1891 (Kinnear, 1920).
j. Lions occurred in the vicinity of Mosul, Iraq in the 1850s. The
Turkish governor's bag of two in 1914 is the last report of them
from the area (Kinnear, 1920).
k. Lions were reported to be numerous in the reedy swamps bordering
the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in the early 1870s. The last
known lion in Iraq was killed in 1918 on the lower Tigris (Hatt,
1959).
l. The valley of Dashtiarjan, 57 km west of Shiraz in Iran, was
famous for its lions in the late 1800s.
m. The last known report of lion presence in Iran was a 1942
observation of a pair near Dizful, by American engineers building a
railway (Heaney, 1943).
n. There are no confirmed records of lion presence in central or
eastern Iran, nor Afghanistan or Baluchistan.
o. The last known lion in Pakistan killed near Kot Deji in Sind
province in 1810.
p. However, a British admiral travelling by train reported seeing a
maneless lion near Quetta, north-western Pakistan in 1935, eating a
goat: "It was a large lion, very stocky, light tawny in colour, and
I may say that no one of us three had the slightest doubt of what we
had seen until, on our arrival at Quetta. Many officers expressed
doubts as to its identity, or the possibility of there being a lion
in the district" (Guggisberg, 1961).
q. The lion's range may have extended as far east as Bihar and
Orissa states in India: a lion was reportedly killed in the district
of Palamau (Bihar) in 1814.
r. Last lion recorded from the southern end of its Indian range
killed at Rhyl in Damoh district, near the Narmada River, in the
cold season of 1847-1848 (Kinnear, 1920).
s. Fifty lions were killed in the district of Delhi, India between
1856-1858. Twenty-five years later Blanford (1891) wrote that "in
India the lion is verging on extinction."
Note: Historical Range source is Guggisberg (1961) unless otherwise
stated. (Reference: www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html).
Asiatic Lions in Europe:
The Asiatic lion used to live also in Europe. Aristotle and
Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle
of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedon in
480 B.C., several of his baggage camels were killed by lions. Lions
are believed to have died out within the borders of present-day
Greece in A.D. 80-100. And also there was a population in the
Caucasus that became extinct in the 10th century. It remained
widespread elsewhere until the mid 1800s when the advent of firearms
led to its extinction over large areas (Guggisberg, 1961). By the
late 1800s the lion had disappeared from Turkey (Üstay, 1990).
North African relative (The Barbary or Atlas Lion):
The Barbary Lion, Atlas lion or Nubian lion Panthera leo leo is a
subspecies of lion that has become extinct at least in the wild. It
was believed to be extinct in captivity. However, stray possible
Barbary lion individuals or descendents were located in zoos and
circus populations within the last three decades. It is often
considered to be the largest of the lion subspecies with males
weighing between 400-650 lb (181 to 295 kg) and females 270-400 lb
(120 to 181 kg), approximately the size of Bengal tigers. However,
more recent research suggests that they were only slightly larger
than today's African lion, which weighs approximately 420 lbs on
average. The Barbary Lion also called the Atlas or Nubian lion,
formerly ranged in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and in
territory from Morocco to Egypt. The last known Barbary Lion in the
wild was shot in the Atlas Mountains in 1922.
Unlike most African lions, the Barbary Lion was a mountain predator,
preferring woodlands. The two other primary Atlas Mountain
predators, the Barbary leopard and Atlas bear, are also now extinct,
with no known individuals in the wild.
There are several dozen individuals in captivity believed to be
Barbary Lions; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent (England) has
twelve specimens descended from animals owned by the King of
Morocco; one of the lions is named Suliman. In addition, 11 animals
believed to be Barbary Lions were found in Addis Ababa zoo,
descendants of animals owned by the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie.
In the past, scientists believed that the "distinct" subspecific
status of the Barbary lion could be justified by their seemingly
fixed external morphology. This morphology was used to identify
them. However, now it is known that various extrinsic factors
influence the colour and size of a lion's mane, like the ambient
temperature. The cooler ambient temperature in e.g. European and
North American zoos can result in heavy mane. Therefore, the heavy
mane is an inappropriate marker for identifying Barbary lines.
Mitochondrial DNA research published in 2006 did support
the "distinctness" of the Barbary lion. The results showed an mtDNA
haplotype that is unique to the Barbary lion. This could be a good
molecular marker for identifying Barbary lions. They revealed that
five tested samples of lions from the famous collection of the King
of Morocco are not maternally Barbary.
In 1968, a study on the skulls of the extinct Barbary (North
African), extinct Cape, Asiatic, and African lions showed that the
same skull characteristics - the very narrow postorbital bar -
existed in only the Barbary and the Asiatic lion skulls. This shows
that there may have been a close relationship between the lions from
Northernmost Africa and Asia. It is also believed that the South
European lion that became extinct at the beginning in A.D. 80-100
could have represented the connecting link between the North African
and Asiatic lions. It is believed that Barbary lions possess the
same belly fold (hidden under that entire mane) that appears in the
Asian lions today.
The mane of "Scar," the villain of Disney's "The Lion King", was
based on a Barbary Lion.
The former popularity of the Barbary Lion as a zoo animal provides
the only hope to ever see it again in the wild in North Africa.
After years of research into the science of the Barbary Lion and
stories of surviving examples, WildLink International, in
collaboration with Oxford University, launched their ambitious
International Barbary Lion Project. They are using the very latest
DNA techniques to identify the DNA 'fingerprint' of the Barbary Lion
subspecies. WildLink International has taken bone samples from
remains of Barbary Lions in Museums across Europe, like those in
Brussels, Paris, Turin and others. These samples are returned to
Oxford University where the science team is extracting the DNA
sequence that identifies the Barbary as a separate subspecies.
Although the Barbary is officially extinct, WildLink International
had identified a handful of lions in captivity around the world that
is descended from the original Barbary Lion, like the royal lions in
Temara Zoo in Rabat, Morocco. These descendants will be tested
against the DNA fingerprint and the degree of any hybridization
(from crossbreeding) can then be determined. The best candidates
will then enter a selective breeding Programme that will 'breed
back' the Barbary Lion. The final phase of the project will see the
lions released into a National Park in the Atlas Mountains of
Morocco.
The Arabian Lion by the early Arabic and Islamic Zoologists:
Abi `Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri Al-Jahez (776-869), one of the
Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, described in his Reference
Book "Kitab Al-Haywan" (The Animal Book), the lions' General
appearance and uniform colour and the different body parts; and he
wrote about the lions' behaviour. Al-Jahez wrote about "Sayed
Alsiba'" (Master of the Predators) and how they came around the
villages in Iraq to attack and devour the wild boars, and the
domesticated sheep, donkeys, cows and dogs. The lions came also to
the water ponds and river banks to feed on crabs, toads, terrapins
and turtles. The lion also attacks and feeds on cheetahs; and they
feed on carrions too. The Iraqi lion can also attack and feed on
domesticated Indian elephants, but wild elephants are strong and can
defend themselves. Lions also attacks and feed on camels. Al-Jahez
writes that old lions attacks and devour humans, because the old
ones are weak and cannot hunt animals. He wrote also that the lion
eats salt, because their body needs it; and they can bear hunger and
thirst for a long time. Al-Jahez writes that the Indian Lions are
weaker than Iraqi Lions; and he adds that the lion is weak inside
the deep water; even a boy can ride on his back and grasp his ears,
pushing him under the water. Lions fear fire, and loud noises; and
they can live peacefully (coexistence) with tigers, but their
enemies are the leopards. Lions and Leopards can fight each other
for a long period of time during the day, without killing each
other. Lions and Tigers can even help each other, fighting the
Leopard. Al-Jahez adds that wild boar may kill a lion with its
tusks, and the buffalo can kill a lion with its horns.
Abi `Othman Al-Jahez wrote about the wide distribution of the lion
in Iraq especially in Mosul, Alkufa, Siwad Al-Iraq and the banks of
the Euphrates River. He adds that lions can live for many long years.
Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin Khalaweh bin Hamdan (died
980), a famous Arabic Linguist, mentioned in his Reference
booklet "Asma' Al-Asad" (The Names of the Lion), about 500 names and
descriptions for the lion, and some names for the lioness, the cubs
and lion places. The Arabic Linguist "Ali bin Qassem bin Ja'far Al-
Laghawi" added another 130 names and descriptions in his
booklet "Fae't Asma' Al-Asad" (The missing Names of the Lion). The
two booklets were revised by Dr. Mahmoud Jassem Al-Darwish in 1989.
Note: The two booklets (in Arabic) are published at the end of this
article (pp. 14-16).
Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud Al-Qazwini (1203-1283), one of the
Greatest Islamic Zoologists, mentioned in his Reference Book "Ajae'b
Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae'b Al-Mawjudat" (Marvels of Things Created and
Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing), the presence of the lion in
Qurna, on Naher (River) Ja'far (in Iraq), and described how the
lions were attacking the men (cane cutters) who killed a young lion,
and how they (the men) defended themselves by cutting the tail of
one lion, then this lion attacked the other lions, and then all the
lions flew into the desert.
Al-Qazwini in his Reference Book "Ajae'b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae'b Al-
Mawjudat" writes about the lions' behaviour; and also on the medical
benefits when using the different lion body parts in curing
different diseases.
Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin `Issa bin Ali Al-Dumairi (1341-
1405), one of the Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, wrote in
his Reference Book "Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra" (The Great Animal
Life), that the lion has more than 630 names and descriptions in
Arabic, like: Alasad , Usama, Albayhas, Alnaaj, Aljakhdub, Alharth,
Haydara, Aldawas, Alri'ebal, Zafar, Alsabe'e, Alsa'eb, Aldurgham,
Aldaygham, Altaythar, Ala'nbas, Alghadanfar, Alfarafisa, Qaswara
[this name was mentioned in the Holy Qur'an], Kahmas, Allaith,
Almutaanes, Almutahayeb, Alhirmas, Alward, Abu Alabtal, Abu Hafs,
Abu Alakhyaf, Abu Alza'faran, Abu Shibel, Abu Ala'bas, Abu Alhareth.
Al-Dumairi mentioned also that Hamza bin Abd Almutaleb (Uncle of
Prophet Mohammed Peace be upon him) was named "Asadu Allah" (Allah's
Lion) [because he was a brave man and a fierce warrior and lion
hunter in Mecca; and he was known wearing his famous lion coat].
According to Al-Dumairi the lion was living around Mecca, Arabia in
the time of Hamza and Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him) in the
7th Century, and he mentions that a man (`Utba bin Abi Lahab) was
devoured by a lion in Al-Zarqa'a, Ard Al-Sham (in Jordan); and tells
about a story between safeena (Mawla [servant] of Prophet Mohammed
[Pbuh]) and a lion in Ard Al-Roum [Byzantine Empire] (in Turkey); Al-
Dumairi also tells the story of Prophet Daniel in the lions' den in
Babel [Babylon] (in Iraq), under the reign of the Persian King
Darius.
Al-Dumairi in his Reference Book "Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra" writes
also about the lions' behaviour; and also on the medical benefits
when using the different lion body parts in curing different
diseases. He goes further and writes about the interpretation of
dreams; when somebody dreams about a lion or a young lion in a
certain situation.
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine:
"Then what is wrong with them that they turn away from receiving
admonition. As if they were frightened wild donkeys. Fleeing from a
lion (Qaswara)." (The Holy Qur'an, Suret Al-Muddather, Aya 49-51).
Lions are the most powerful of all carnivorous animals. Although not
now found in Palestine, they must have been in ancient times very
numerous there. They had their lairs in the forests (The Bible:
Jeremiah 5:6; Jeremiah 12:8; Amos 3:4), in the caves of the
mountains (Song of Solomon 4:8; Nahum 2:12), and in the canebrakes
on the banks of the Jordan (Jeremiah 49:19; Jeremiah 50:44;
Zechariah 11:3).
"Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of
the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their
cities: everyone who goes out of them shall be torn in pieces:
because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are
increased." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 5:6).
"Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; she has lifted up
her voice against me: therefore have I hated it." (The Bible,
Jeremiah, 12:8).
"Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? Will a young
lion cry out of his den, if he has taken nothing?" (The Bible, Amos,
3:4).
"Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look
from the top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the
lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards." (The Bible, Song
of Solomon, 4:8).
"The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled
for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with
ravin." (The Bible, Nahum, 2:12).
"Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan
against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him
run away from her: and who is a chosen man that I may appoint over
her? For who is like me? And who will appoint me the time? And who
is that shepherd that will stand before me?" (The Bible, Jeremiah,
49:19 and 50:44).
"There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory
is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of
Jordan is spoiled." (The Bible, Zechariah, 11:3).
"And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the
sun went down, what is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than
a lion? And he said unto them, if ye had not plowed with my heifer,
ye had not found out my riddle." (The Bible, Judges, 14:18).
The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Felis leo persica), this proud symbol
of strength and courage, must have been abundant in Biblical times.
According to the Bible, in which it appears under several different
names, the lion must have been quite common at that time. The
species appears often on mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine
periods. The thickets of the Jordan River were a preferred habitat.
It became extinct after the time of the Crusaders. The last mention
of them being by Arab writers of the 13th and 14th century, when
lions still existed near Samaria and other areas. One specimen has
been hunted at Lejun, near Megiddo, in the thirteenth century.
Alfaras Bin Shawer, Wali of Ramla, wrote that he saw eleven dead
lions after heavy rain in Ramla and the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja
in 1294. Sanqarshah Almansouri, Naib of Safad (1304-1307), killed in
the coastal forests 15 lions. At this time, lions certainly roamed
over parts of Syria and Arabia and along the Rivers Tigris and
Euphrates in Iraq, where in ancient times lions figured prominently
in the great royal hunts in Assyria. It is clear that lions survived
in Mesopotamia until the nineteenth century, and there are several
references to them by travellers of that period.
In Al-Jaleel (Galilee) there is a hill called Tel el Assad (Lion
Hill in Arabic), and there is a village nearby called Deir el Assad
(Monastery of the Lion), that may refer to a quite late occurrence
of this species. Bie'r Al-Sabe'e (Well of the Lion) is a famous
Palestinian city in the Naqab (Negev) desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa,
2006).
Persian Lions in Persia:
The Persian lion is now extinct in Iran, and there are no confirmed
modern records of lion presence in central or eastern Iran, or
Baluchistan, but it's believed that lions that still live in India
are the same as lions that once were living in Iran.
According to one story, the last Iranian lion was killed by
Zelolsoltan, the son of Naseredin Shah (before 1919); but on the
other hand, the last reliable report of lion presence in Iran was a
1942 observation of a pair near Dezful, by American engineers
building a railway (Heaney 1943, Harrington 1977).
The lion motif dates from ancient times in Iran, and it is found on
innumerable objects of daily use such as seals, vessels, horse
equipment, weapons, and in the decoration of palaces, tombs, and
temples as far back as the 3rd millennium B.C. The lion was well
known to the Achaemenians (6th-4th century B.C.) as it is testified
by numerous examples at Persepolis, showing bas-reliefs of a lion
attacking a bull, and by lion headed stone capitals. The Sassanian
kings visualized themselves in rock reliefs as fighting with the
lion. The lion motif has been one of the most persistent in Iranian
art and religion, albeit with changing connotations (Tanavoli,
1985).
In literature, art, stories, and the social life of the Iranians,
lions have always been thought of as a symbol of power, courage and
greatness. Kings and noblemen have demonstrated their greatness and
glory through illustrations of lions on coins and swords.
The symbol of the old flag of Iran (Shahanshah time), is a lion
holding a sword in his hand and with a half of the sun behind him.
It is interesting to know that the Iranian series of Chieftain Tanks
built by the UK during the 1970s for the Imperial Iranian Army was
named: "Shire-Iran" (Iranian lion).
Lion was in the game category for royalty or they were just hunted
for pleasure; and that's one of the main extinction reasons of this
animal. Many miniatures show Kings going in lion-hunt trips, alone
or with troops. As late as the 19th century, lion hunting was one of
the favorite pastimes of the Iranian nomad Khans too.
The Persian lion, once lived in the valley of Dasht-e Arzhan (57 km
west of Shiraz), as well as the " Kam-Firuze" and "Gourab" hunting
ground, south of Hamedan (in the late 1800s). It used to roam the
oak forests of the Zagros Mountains and the riverine areas of
Khuzistan.
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Ornithomimid Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem,
Palestine.*
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa.
*Note: This article was published in "Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 56, August 2006. pp. 1-7.
Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Dinosaur_Palestine.html
Palestine's history is mostly known from the Torah, Bible and the
Holy Qur'an. The Holy land is full of historical places, and is
visited by many tourists and pilgrims that want to see the
remarkable beauty of this country with their own eyes. Palestine is
sometimes called "The land were the time began", and it contains
treasures to be seen from the Mesozoic period, which is not so well
known. Thanks to Prof. Moshe Avnimelech (Ex-Head of the Paleontology
Department in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), who described the
dinosaur tracks of the Judean Hills, the historical wealth of
Palestine goes further back in time than anyone ever had expected.
In Beit Zeit, just a few km. from the historical and cultural
Centrum of Al-Quds (Jerusalem City), ninety to hundred million years
old dinosaur tracks give great insight in the prehistoric life of
the Middle East.
The Beit Zeit tracks are of prime scientific value. They record one
of the major links in the biological chain of development on earth.
The Discovery:
The discovery of the Beit Zeit (Beth Zayit) dinosaur tracks, just a
few km. west of Jerusalem, was made by Mr. Mordechai Sofer, a former
geology student at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During the
summer of 1962, Mr. Mordechai Sofer informed Prof. Moshe Avnimelech
that mysterious imprints were left in the rocks in the garden of Mr.
Schwarzwald, who was as Mr. Sofer, a resident of the Beit Zeit
village. The next day Prof. Moshe Avnimelech visited the
construction site. What he found was a continuous row of tracks,
stretching for some 10 meter. It seemed that the tracks went on onto
the hillock to the east and north of the exposed area. Later when a
further area of 400 sq. m. was uncovered numerous additional tracks
similar in form, pattern and direction were revealed.
Age of the tracks:
The age of the tracks is fixed by what is known of the geological
structure and history of the Judean Hills, a layer at least 500
meter thick that constitute a part of a series of strata deposited
from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian Period) to the Late Cretaceous
(Campanian period). The strata were the tracks are found are usually
assigned to the lowest part of the Cenomanian series, but the
possibility that they belong to the Upper Albian may not be
excluded. So, the age may be estimated ninety to hundred million
years.
Nature of the rocks:
The nature of the rocks on which the tracks were made indicates a
marine origin, composed out of dolomitic-marly limestone in regular
10-15 cm. thick layers, with the seams of marl in between. The
fossils in part of the layers are chiefly of marine gastropods of
shallow-water character. Imprints of terrestrial plants were found
in some of the layers, indicating the nearness of the shore. In
certain layers, concentrations may be observed of reddish-brown
earthy material, which is obviously derived from the adjacent land
area.
Form and arrangement:
The form and arrangement of the tracks clearly show that the tracks
were made by a biped. Often only the digits were imprinted but
sometimes even the tarsals were pressed into the rock surface. The
imprints of the tarsals show that these were elongated, so it is
lengthening the foot. The tracks are made by theropod dinosaurs
which were carnivorous, and had four toes of which the first was
short and high.
Trackmaker:
In general shape and appearance to trackmaker may have been similar
to the North American genus Struthiomimus. It appears that the
trackmaker belongs to one of the families of the group
Coelurosauria, specially the Coeluridae and Ornithomimidae of which
the first seems to fit the tracks more closely. However, considering
the dinosaur remains discovered in eastern and northern Africa
(Tanzania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt) the possibility can
not be excluded that Elaphrosaurus bambergi lived once in the
vicinity of Beit Zeit, Palestine. The trackmaker had an estimated
length of the hind-limbs up to the waist, 140 cm; the forelimbs were
attached to the shoulders at a height of approximately 150-160 cm.
The height of the animal, when standing upright, was 230-250 cm, and
the length of the animal was from tip to tail about 360-380 cm, and
weighted approximately 150 kg.
Types:
The Beit Zeit site is an area of approximately four hundred meters
on which more than two hundred tracks can be seen. Several types of
tracks can be distinguished, which might belong to three species.
The most frequent type is characterized by an angle of 70 to 90
degrees between the outhermost digits. The length of these digits is
18-20 cm while the length of the middle digit (III) is 24-27 cm.
The length and thickness of the tracks vary with the heaviness of
tread and the properties of the soil. A round or rectangular
depression was formed at the place where the digits were joined: it
is bulb-shaped and is evidently the imprint of a tarsal bone or
bones. The outhermost digits of the second type make a broad arc
with their base, giving the footprints the shape of an anchor; and
in this type the length of the central digit is as with the first 40
to 50% greater than that of the outhermost digits.
The third type differs from the first and second in that the base of
the digits is almost straight. It is however, possible that this is
only accidental, and can be attributed to the mode of the tread.
Several isolated tracks with digits of almost equal length are
totally different. The digits are splayed out at an angle of nearly
120 degrees; the external ones are bent out to form a smooth arc.
These tracks are probably of the fore-limb, which may explain their
rarity. Tracks of different times of passage are also
distinguishable: the earlier are blurred, as they were subsequently
covered by a thin layer of new sediment.
There are several 10-15 meter long rows of tracks which are made up
of 15 to 20 footprints, and other shorter rows, only 3 to 4 meter
long, consisting of no more than 4 to 6. In general, the direction
of the long rows of tracks which are more prominent than the short
ones - is from south to north or north to south, whereas the
direction of the shorter rows is commonly from northeast to
southwest or vice versa. Only few of the very shortest rows run
approximately east-west or west-east. In the area, it is possible to
make out three long rows which trend north-south, more than a dozen
medium rows, and 4-5 short rows which run east-west.
Ornithomimosaurs:
Ornithomimosaurs ("Bird mimic lizards") or members of the clade
Ornithomimosauria are theropod dinosaurs, like Gallimimus, which
bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches. They were fast,
fleet-footed, omnivorous and herbivorous dinosaurs from the Upper
Cretaceous of Laurasia (Asia, Europe and North America). The skull,
sitting atop a long neck, was relatively small with large eyes. Some
primitive species had teeth, but most had toothless beaks. The arms
were long and slender and bore powerful claws. The limbs were long
and powerful, with a long foot and short, strong toes terminating in
hooflike claws. Ornithomimosaurs were probably among the fastest of
all dinosaurs. Like many other coelurosaurs, the ornithomimid hide
was probably feathered rather than scaly.
The group first appears in the Lower Cretaceous and persisted until
the Upper Cretaceous. They appear to be related to less derived
coelurosaurian theropods such as Compsognathus and tyrannosaurids.
Primitive members of the group include Pelecanimimus,
Shenzhousaurus, Harpymimus, and probably the huge Deinocheirus, the
arms of which reached eight feet in length. More advanced species,
members of the family ornithomimidae, include Gallimimus,
Archaeornithomimus, Anserimimus, Struthiomimus, and Ornithomimus.
Ornithomimosaurs probably got most of their calories from plants but
may have eaten small vertebrates and insects as well. Henry
Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like arms may have
been used to pull down branches for ornithomimosaurs to feed on; it
may also have been a dangerous weapon. The sheer abundance of
ornithomimids — they are the most common small dinosaurs in North
America — are consistent with the idea that they were plant eaters,
as herbivores usually outnumber carnivores in an ecosystem. The
presence of gastroliths in the stomach of some ornithomimids fit
this hypothesis.
Some paleontologists, like Paul Sereno, consider the enigmatic
alvarezsaurids to be close relatives of the ornithomimosaurs, and
places them together in the superfamily Ornithomimoidea.
Struthiomimus:
Struthiomimus ("Ostrich-mimic") was a long-legged, ostrich-like
dinosaur of the family Ornithomimidae, which lived in Alberta,
Canada during the Late Cretaceous period, about 85 to 80 million
years ago. It was about 1.50 meters (5 feet) tall at the hips and
weighed around 250 kg (500 lbs). Struthiomimus is one of the more
common small dinosaurs in Dinosaur Provincial Park; its abundance
suggests that it was an herbivore or an omnivore rather than a
carnivore. It most likely lived on a diet of lizards, small mammals,
fruits, and seeds, although some scientists theorize that it may
have used its hooked claws to dig up clams and other shellfish, or
possibly eggs.
The legs were long, powerful and seemingly well-suited to rapid
running, like an ostrich. The neck was slender and ended in a small,
beaked skull with relatively large eyes. The 'arms' were long and
fairly strong; the fore limbs were more powerful and the claws were
more strongly hooked than in Ornithomimus. It also had the typical
characteristics of most ornithomimids: a long, stiff tail and a
toothless beak. Predators of Struthiomimus may have included
Saurornitholestes, Dromaeosaurus, and the tyrannosaurs
Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus. The best-preserved skeleton of
Struthiomimus is currently on display at the American Museum of
Natural History, in Manhattan, New York. The best skull is currently
on display at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, in
Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.
Struthiomimus is also known from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of
Alberta and the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, suggesting that the
dinosaur may have lived along the river banks of its day. These
animals have not been thoroughly studied yet but they may represent
new species of Struthiomimus.
Elaphrosaurus:
Elaphrosaurus was one of the earliest ornithomimids (ostrich
dinosaurs), Elaphrosaurus was a relative of Dromiceiomimus,
Gallimimus, Ornithomimus, and Struthiomimus. It was probably one of
the earliest members of that family and fossil bones have been found
that date back to the late Jurassic period. Most "ostrich dinosaurs"
are found from the Cretaceous period. A distant relative is
Ornitholestes, a small dinosaur only half the size of Elaphrosaurus.
Elaphrosaurus was a carnivore from late Jurassic Tanzania, 145
million years ago. Scientists aren't sure what its head looked like,
as its skull was never found. Elaphrosaurus was probably a
Ceratosaur and probably was about 5 meters long. It was discovered
by the German paleontologist Werner Janensch*, in the Tendaguru Beds
of Tanzania, which has also yielded Brachiosaurus, Allosaurus, and
Kentrosaurus, to name a few.
What is known about Elaphrosaurs comes from a nearly complete
skeleton found in the Tendaguru Beds. What is known about it is that
it was a long slender dinosaur, with a long neck, possibly for
digging into carrion. There have been very few theropods skeletons
found there, just bits and pieces, and this was a rare find.
Because the skeleton had no head, the Elaphrosaurus was displayed
with a skull based on Velociraptor. A related animal, or perhaps the
same species, has been found in the Morrison Formation.
When it was alive, it would have been about 16.5 feet long, may be 5
feet tall at the hip, weighing may be 460 pounds. It was built as a
fast runner, probably running down small prey on the open plains.
Because of its long legs, some think it may have been the fastest
runner of the Jurassic. With long, slender legs and a stiff tail,
Elaphrosaurus would have easily sprinted from danger. It had keen
eyes and a quick brain. Its diet probably depended on where it
lived. Near the sea it might have grubbed around for shellfish or
shoveled sand for tiny creatures. Some lived far inland and others
foraged among woods and forests. Since it had no teeth,
Elaphrosaurus could not have eaten meat.
* Werner Janensch was a German paleontologist and museum curator
(the Natural History Museum of Berlin) who led an expedition (with
Edwin Hennig) to the Tendaguru Beds in Deutsch-Ostafrika, what is
now Tanzania, Africa. That expedition found many late Jurassic
period dinosaurs, including some Brachiosaurus. Janensch named
Dicraeosaurus (1914) and Elaphrosaurus (1920).
References:
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1962). Dinosaur tracks in the lower Cenomanian
of Jerusalem. Nature, London. 196: 264.
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1962). Decouverte d'empreintes de pas de
Dinosaures dans le Cenomanien inferieur des environs de Jerusalem.
C. R. Soc. Geol. France 1962: 233-235.
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1963). Discovery of dinosaur tracks of Lower
Cenomanian age in Bet Zait, west of Jerusalem. Israel Journal of
Earth Sciences 12(2):80-81.
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1966). Dinosaur Tracks in the Judean Hills.
Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,
Section of Sciences. Vol.1, pp.1-19.
Avnimelech, Nirit and Bervoets, Fred. The King's Stone Tracks.
www.dinodata.net/DNM/Avnimelech.htm
Elaphrosaurus. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphrosaurus
Hooijer, D.A. (1968). A Cretaceous dinosaur from the Syrian Arab
Republic. Proc. K. Nederl. Akad. Wet. B. 71:150-152.
Janensch, Werner (1920). Ueber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die
Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Sitz.-
Ber. Naturforsch. Fr. Berlin. 1920: 225-235.
Janensch, Werner (1925). Die Coelurosauria und Theropoden der
Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, no. 1,
Suppl. 7, p. 1-99.
Janensch, Werner. The Top Paleontologists and Dinosaur Hunters of
All Time.
www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Paleontologists
.shtml
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie't Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat
(The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January
1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of
Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1983). Sea Snakes in Kuwait. Bulletin of
the Biological Studies Club, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait.
First Year, Number 4, 7.12.1983. pp. 1-5. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). On a Collection of Devon Period
Animal Fossils from the Saarland, in the Geologische Museum Saarberg
in Saarbrücken, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Number
15, Fifth Year, Thul Qi'dah 1407 AH, July 1987 AD. pp. 9-10.
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). Die Dinosaurier
Ausstellung im Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, Bundesrepublik
Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 27, Tenth Year, April
1992. pp. 1-8.
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the
Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of
Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the
Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemon corinaria). A
Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for
Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children
for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and
Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994.
pp. 16-21. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Palestinian Ornithomimid
Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, Jerusalem. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin Home Page. Environmental Affairs 2 and
Dinosaurs. www.gazelle.8m.net/custom3.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Palestinian Legged Snake
Fossil from Ein Yabrud, north of Jerusalem. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin Home Page. Fossils and Zoos.
http://gazelle.8m.net/shopping_page.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (Gründer) (seit Juli 2001). Dinosaurier
Club Yahoo Group. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Dinosaurierclub/
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische
Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina,
Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983-2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and
Europe between 1983-2004. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten.
Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali
Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gazelle_Bulletin.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Reptiles in the Arabia's
Wildlife Centre in the Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 34, 22nd Year,
August 2004. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8.
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic
Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 -
2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in
Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. Erste Auflage,
August 2005: 376 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler,
Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Aquatica_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-
2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia
and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006: 484 Seiten.
Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
& Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ornithomimid
Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem, Palestine.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-
fourth Year, August 2006, Rajab 1427 H. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United
Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Dinosaur_Palestine.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Eine Persönlichkeit aus
Jaffa, Palästina / A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine: Bassam Ali
Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth Year, August 2006. pp.
8-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Bassam_Khalaf.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2007). Fauna Palaestina. A Zoological
Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Fauna
Palaestina. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa
zwischen 1980-2007. (Book in preparation, 2007).
Kobayashi, Y. & R. Barsbold (2006). Ornithomimids from the Nemegt
Formation of Mongolia. J. Paleont. Soc. Korea. 22(1): 195-207.
Leonardi, Guiseppe (1985). The oldest tetrapod record known in the
world, and other news. Ichnology Newsletter. 14:15-16
Makovicky, P.J.; Y. Kobayashi & P.J. Currie (2004).
Ornithomimosauria. in: The Dinosauria. Second Edition. D.B.
Weishampel, P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds.). University of California
Press, Berkeley: 137-150.
Nicholls, E. and A. P. Russell (1985). Structure and function of the
pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda:
Ornithomimidae). Palaeontology. 28(4): 643-677.
Ornithomimosauria. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimosauria
Osborn, H. F. (1917). Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes,
Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History. 35: 733-71.
Paul, G.S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon &
Schuster, New York.
Probst, Ernst und Windolf, Raymund (1993). Dinosaurier in
Deutschland. C. Bertelsmann Verlag GmbH, Muenchen. 316 Seiten.
Russell, D. A. (1969). A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the
Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences. 6: 595-612.
Struthiomimus. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthiomimus
Das Buch : Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina,
Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2006.
The Book : Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine,
Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2006.
von: Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Arabica.html
ISBN 3-00-017294-7
Erschienen: 1. Auflage: Juli 2006.
Literaturangaben. - Parallelsacht. in arab. Schr. - Text teilw. dt.,
teilw. engl., teilw. arab. - Teilw. in arab. Schr.
Norman Ali Khalaf, 2006, ISBN 3-00-017294-7, Gebunden Hardback. 1.
Auflage: 484 Seiten. zahlr. schwarz-weiss Abbildungen - Format: 30
x 21,5 cm, Gewicht: 1.275 gramm. Preis: 50,00 Euro.
Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. Uhlandstrasse 6, D-66271 Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & P.O. Box 37038, Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
German / English Cover Foto: "Haywanat" (Tiere/Animals). Pottery by
Nora Khalaf (5,5 Years). Foto by Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa.
Arabic Cover Foto: The Jaffa Whale. Pottery & Foto: Norman Ali
Khalaf-von Jaffa.
Cover Design / Umschlaggestaltung: Ola Khalaf. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates.
Printed and bounded in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Zur Erinnerung an / (In Memory of) "Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf" (Abu
Ali) (1938-2006).
Preface:
The Story behind „Mammalia Arabica" :
My life has been related and influenced always in one way or another
with Animals, especially Mammals. My father loved animals; and
because of that our home was always full with all sorts of different
animals: sheep, goats, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, birds (Canary,
bulbul, parrot, love birds), Aquarium fish (Sea water and fresh
water fishes), land turtles, terrapins; and I also added Insects
(beetles, locusts, ants, butterflies), toads, hedgehogs and snakes
from the Kuwaiti Environment.
I used to live with Animals all my life; and I loved and cared for
them from my childhood; and after finishing school I decided to
study Zoology in the University, and to become a Zoologist.
My first published scientific article goes back to January 1980,
when I was still a student in the Zoology Department in Kuwait
University, State of Kuwait. I was interested in Arabian Animal
Life, especially in my Homeland Palestine, and I have done a lot of
studies and research in the Region. So I decided to publish my
scientific articles in different scientific magazines and bulletins,
and to establish by my own a Palestinian Biological Bulletin. In
July 1983, "Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin" was
created. It was the First Palestinian Scientific Bulletin Worldwide.
My first zoological article in "Gazelle" was about "Order Lagomorpha
in Palestine". Till now 57 "Gazelle" Issues were published; and most
of my articles were about Mammals.
Finally, and after more than 27 years in Zoological research and
studies, in many Arabic and European countries, and after publishing
many scientific articles in different scientific magazines and
bulletins, especially the "Gazelle Bulletin", and after publishing
many articles in the Gazelle Bulletin Web Site, since 2001 under
(www.gazelle.8m.net), and after publishing my first book (Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004) in July 2004, and
my second book (Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 – 2005) in August 2005, I
finally decided to publish a scientific book containing all my
Mammalian research and articles.
I hope that this Book will enhance our knowledge about "Mammalia
Arabica".
Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. 17.7.2006.
About the Author:
Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa is a Palestinian
Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist, with a German Citizenship. Born
in Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany in 1962. Finished School in
Kuwait. Studied Zoology, Geology and Ecology for the Bachelor and
the Master degrees in the Universities of Kuwait and Durham
(England). Done a lot of work and research in the Universities of
Kuwait, Durham and Saarbrücken; and in the Zoos, Wild Parks and
Field Studies in Palestine, Israel, Iraq, Kuwait, Emirates, Egypt,
Hungary, Holland, England, Jersey Island and Germany. Working now as
a free scientific researcher and publisher in the United Arab
Emirates. He is married and has one daughter.
Contents of the book:
1. Preface & About the Author.
2. Activity Patterns and Sexual / (Reproductive) Behaviour of Snow
Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife
Preservation Trust, Jersey Island.
3. The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo,
Germany.
4. The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany.
5. The Leopards in Palestine.
6. The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine.
7. Blue Whales (Balaenoptera musculus) from the State of Kuwait,
Arabian Gulf.
8. On a Collection of Devon Period Animal Fossils from the Saarland,
in the Geologische Museum Saarberg. in Saarbrücken, Germany.
9. The Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) in Palestine.
10. The Wolf (Canis lupus) in Palestine.
11. A Trip to Zoo Budapest, Hungary.
12. The Otter (Lutra lutra) in Palestine.
13. The Gulf War and its effect on the Arabian Ecosystem.
14. The Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Zoologisches
Forschungs-institut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
15. Fennec.
16. The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine & Threatened
Mammals.
17. The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine.
18. The Foxes of Palestine.
19. The Mustelids of Palestine.
20. Die Wal Sonderausstellung "Delphinidae Delphionidae"
und "Kleinwale in Nord- und Ostsee" im Museum Alexander Koenig in
Bonn, Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
21. Der Schweinswal (Phocoena phocoena) in der Nord- und Ostsee /
The Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Sea and Baltic
Sea.
22. Thema des Tages (5. Januar 2005): In See gespülter
Indopazifischer Buckeldelfin (Sousa chinensis) in Thailand nach
Tagen gerettet.
23. The Story of Prophet Yunus (Jonah) and the Whale.
24. Jaffa (Yaffa): The History of an Old Palestinian Arab City on
the Mediterranean Sea & The Andromeda Sea Monster of Jaffa.
25. The Leopards of Palestine.
26. Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr.
27. Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica).
28. A Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera edeni) Stranding on Al Mamzar
Beach, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
29. Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine.
30. Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus
venaticus).
31. Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus).
32. Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere
Palästinas.
33. The Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine
and the East Mediterranean Region.
34. The Sumpters (Animals) of the Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him.
35. The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah
Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.
36. Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA).
37. The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of
Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine.
38. The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine:
A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army.
39. The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates.
40. Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany.
41. An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine.
42. The United Nations Ecological Report confirms: The Regime of
Saddam is destroying the Marshes (Al-Ahwar) Ecosystem.
43. Notes on the Biological Ecology of the Marshes in Southern Iraq.
44. Notes on the Caracal Lynx (Caracal caracal).
45. The Honey Badger in Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait.
46. A Trip to Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait.
47. The Long-eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) in the Arabian
Peninsula.
48. The Fennec: The Desert Fox (Fennecus zerda).
49. The Brown Bear in Palestine and the rest of the Arabian
Peninsula.
50. The Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis) in the Arabian Peninsula.
51. Order Lagomorpha in Palestine.
52. The Leopards in Palestine.
53. A Scientific Comment: The Badger.
54. The Badger in Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula.
55. Animal Ages.
56. The Colouration of Animals.
57. Muqadimet Al-Kitab (Arabic Preface).
58. Book Contents (Arabic Section).
BERN – Freudige Nachricht vom Luchs-Projekt: Der Bestand hat wieder
zugenommen. Doch die Raubkatzen im Jura brauchen Unterstützung.
Nach einer Dezimierung des Luchsbestands Anfang dieses Jahrtausends
hat die Zahl der Grosskatzen in den Nordwestalpen in den vergangenen
Jahren wieder deutlich zugenommen. Mindestens 28 ausgewachsene
Luchse leben derzeit zwischen dem Thuner- und dem Genfersee. Dies
gab der Kanton Waadt heute bekannt. Rund elf davon bewohnten die
Waadtländer Alpen.
Die grosse Dichte an Raubkatzen hat die Reh- und Gämsbestände
geschwächt. Der Bund gab deshalb sein Einverständnis, dass von 2006
bis 2008 insgesamt 5 Luchse aus den Waadtländer Alpen in den
Waadtländer Jura umgesiedelt werden. Damit werde die geschwächte
Population im Jura gestützt und die genetische Durchmischung
gefördert.
Sollten die Einfangaktionen nicht schnell realisiert werden können
oder die Umsiedlung nicht den gewünschten Effekt bringen, wird der
Kanton Waadt um eine Abschussbewilligung ersuchen, wie sie im
Konzept Luchs vorgesehen ist.
Auch im westlichen Berner Oberland hat sich die Zahl der Luchse seit
der letzten Zählung vor 4 Jahren um mindestens 7 Tiere auf 17
erhöht. Damit sei die Anzahl Tiere aber nach wie vor deutlich
niedriger als während des Höchststandes Ende der 90er Jahre, teilte
der Kanton mit.
Rund 14 Luchse leben gemäss der Zählung vom letzten Winter im
östlichen Berner Oberland und den Gebieten der Zentralschweiz. Wie
auch der Kanton Freiburg will Bern vorerst auf Umsiedlungsaktionen
verzichten. Erst müssten die Auswirkungen des Eingriffs im Waadtland
beurteilt werden.
06.07.2006
The Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and
the East Mediterranean Region.*
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa.
*Note: This article was published in "Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 57, September 2006. pp. 1-7.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Weasel_Palestine.html
The Common, Least or Snow Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) is
the smallest carnivore in the East Mediterranean region. It is
distinguished by its slender general form, with an elongated,
cylindrical body; long neck; low, rounded ears; short limbs; and
tail which is less than a quarter of the length of the head and
body. The tail is densely covered with short hairs, about 13 mm.
long, with a thin terminal pencil of similar length, but it is not
bushy. In the summer, the upper parts are uniform brown or reddish
brown in colour, and the under parts are white or creamy white,
sharply demarcated along the flanks, and with no tendency for the
brown colour to encroach upon the ventral surface or to form
separate brown spots or blotches on the ventral surface. The white
colour of the throat spreads round the margin of the upper lip to
the muzzle, and the whole dorsal surface of the fore feet is also
white, as is the distal part of the dorsal surface of the hind feet,
but the hairs on the soles of the hind feet is being brown
(Harrison, 1968). The tail is brown, becoming darker towards the
tip. The winter coat is presumably all white, as in the colder parts
of its range. Measurements: Head and body 160-290 mm; hind foot 20.5-
30.5 mm; tail 40-70 mm. (Ferguson, 2002).
The common Weasel is active day and night. It inhabits holes, often
the burrows of rodents and hollow trees, among boulders and rock
crevices. It is an adaptable predator, found in a wide variety of
habitats and ascending high into the sub-alpine zones of mountainous
areas such as the Caucasus. In Egypt, this species appeared to be
more commensal than feral and was mostly obtained around human
habitations and near cultivated areas (Setzer, 1958). Flower (1932)
remarked that in Egypt, these animals frequented clubs, restaurants,
homes, and other buildings. Such habitat choice was not seen in
Egypt later by Osborn and Helmy (1980).
The Common Weasel feeds on insects, small rodents, birds, lizards,
amphibians, fish and occasionally attacking larger animals such as
hares. Probably rodents form the bulk of its diet in most areas,
rendering it a useful pest controller for agriculture and forestry.
Gestation period is 34-37 days; and in Armenia, it breeds once a
year, producing 3-9 young in spring and summer (Dahl, 1954); and in
Egypt, a litter of five young were found at Giza in early December
(Flower, 1932). Family parties are frequently seen hunting together,
when the young are almost as large as the mother (Harrison, 1968).
The Common Weasel is widespread in Europe eastwards through Russia,
Asia Minor, Iran, northern Arabia, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Korea,
China, Japan and North Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and North
America.
Considered by some authors a definite Pleistocene rodent specialist,
the Common Weasel seems to have made its first appearance in Europe
during the Mindel glacial episode (about 400,000 years ago) and is
commonly found in cave deposits from the beginning of the Late
Pleistocene. It represents a Palaearctic species of the Euro-
Siberian Region, widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North Africa
(Masseti, 1995).
In the Mediterranean region, the Common Weasel occurs today in
northern Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), in most of southern
Europe and in Anatolia. In the Levant its distribution is restricted
to the northern areas of the region, including Lebanon (Harrison and
Bates, 1991) and northern Syria. In the northern Arabian Peninsula,
it has not been reported since the Early Bronze Age (Dayan and
Tchernov, 1988). In fact, in Palestine, the species does not exist
at present (Dayan and Tchernov, 1988; Dayan, 1989). Beyond this
distribution gap in Palestine, the Common Weasel occurs again in
Egypt, along the Nile delta and valley, with a population
characterized by large body size. This Egyptian population is almost
completely commensal with man (Osborn and Helmy, 1980) and has been
occasionally considered either a Roman introduction or a glacial
relic. Even if they do not reach the size of the Egyptian Weasel,
The Mediterranean Weasels are all characterized by a very large body
size (King, 1989; Masseti, 1995).
The subspecies found in Lebanon is the Mediterranean Mustela nivalis
boccamela, and is much smaller than the large Egyptian subspecies
Mustela nivalis subpalmata. Harrison and Lewis (1964) reported a
specimen, obtained by D. Potter in 1951 at Kammouha in Lebanon; this
specimen is now in the American University of Beirut collection; a
second specimen, without data, certainly originated from somewhere
in the area. Hatt (1959) knew of no definite occurrence in northern
Iraq, but had received hunters' reports of a weasel-like animal in
the Zagros Mountains (Erbil Liwa).
The status of the weasel in Palestine is not clear. Two Common
Weasel subspecies may occur in Palestine: The Egyptian Common Weasel
(Mustela nivalis subpalmata, Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833) and the
Mediterranean Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis boccamela, Bechstein
1800). Zoologists (Aharoni, 1930; Bodenheimer, 1958) of the first
half of last century failed to confirm Tristram's listing of this
species (as Mustela boccamela) as a member of the Palestinian fauna,
from the vicinity of Mount Tabor (Tristram, 1884). The common Weasel
is reported from Holocene fossils (11,000 to about 5000 years before
present) from Areeha (Jericho), Bi'er Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba), and the
Galilee (Tchernov, 1988). It probably became extirpated in Palestine
due to increasing aridity. However, relict populations survived
around the Nile Valley in northern Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980),
and two specimens are known from Lebanon (Harrison and Lewis, 1964).
Thus, a population perhaps still survives in the Holy Land. Indeed,
Harrison and Lewis (1964) reported undocumented skins in the
collection of Salah (Selah) Merrill, who made most of this
collection, while an American Consul in Jerusalem between 1882-1907
(Qumsiyeh, 1996).
The apparent scarcity of the Weasel in the northern Arabian
Peninsula is curious, since the country available seems suitable,
with an abundant food supply of rodents available. It can hardly be
wholly explained by lack of observation, since its diurnal habits
make it one of the more frequently seen Carnivores in the countries
where it occurs (Harrison, 1968).
The word Mustela is Latin for weasel; and the name nivalis is
derived from nix, Latin, genitive nivis, snow. Hence, also, the
common name Snow Weasel (Qumsiyeh, 1996); and I would like to
mention that the Weasel Tribe are common in Palestine (Khalaf-von
Jaffa, 2006).
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Thema des Tages (5. Januar
2005): In See gespuelter Indopazifischer Buckeldelfin (Sousa
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Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 37,
Twenty-third Year, January 2005. pp. 1-3.
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(Jonah) and the Whale. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 38, Twenty-third Year,
February 2005. pp. 9-13.
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Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39,
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Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab
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www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Leopard.html
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Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 -
2005. / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in
Palaestina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. Erste Auflage,
August 2005: 376 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Aquatica_Arabica.html
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City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
bulletin. Number 45, Twenty-third Year, September 2005, Sha'ban
1426. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the
Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third Year, October 2005, Ramadan 1426.
pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the
Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied
Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47,
Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005).
Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year,
November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the
Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48, Twenty-
third Year, December 2005, Thu Alqi'da 1426. pp. 1-9. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische
Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 49, Twenty-fourth
Year, January 2006, Thu Alhijja 1426. pp. 1-5.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). A Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera
edeni) Stranding on Al Mamzar Beach, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. Number 50, Twenty-fourth Year, February 2006, Muharram
1427. pp. 1-5. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Brydes_Mamzar.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sumpters (Animals) of the
Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 51,
Twenty-fourth Year, March 2006, Rabie' Alawal 1427. pp. 1-4. (in
Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild
Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Number 52, Twenty-fourth Year, April 2006, Rabie' Althani 1427. pp.
1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Palaestina.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische
Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 53, Twenty-fourth Year, May 2006, Rabie'
Althani 1427. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Gepard.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus).
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, Twenty-
fourth Year, June 2006, Jumada Al-Ulla 1427. pp. 1-8. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Rohrkatze.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia
Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere Palästinas.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-
fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina1.html (Part 1) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina2.html (Part 2) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina3.html (References).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ornithomimid
Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem, Palestine.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-
fourth Year, August 2006. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Common
Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 57, Twenty-fourth Year,
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Mammalia Palaestina : The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere
Palästinas.*
By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa.
*Note: This article was published in "Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 55, July 2006. pp. 1-46.
Article Reference:
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia
Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere Palästinas.
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-
fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina1.html (Part
1) & http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina2.html
(Part 2) &
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina3.html
(References).
Despite its small area, Palestine has a relatively rich fauna, due
to its location at the crossroads of three continents, and because
of the large variety of habitats and climates.
More than 110 species of mammals have roamed the ancient forests,
mountains and deserts of the Holy Land. Their interaction with
humans is documented in the cave drawings of early Neanderthal
inhabitants, and in the writings of all Near Eastern civilizations
and Religions (Torah, Bible and the Holy Qur'an). The expansion of
human population and encroachment into fragile ecosystems in recent
centuries has resulted in the extinction of several species: aurochs
(wild ox), Syrian Onager (wild ass), roebuck (roe deer), fallow
deer, red deer, Arabian oryx, Syrian brown bear, Asiatic cheetah and
the Asiatic
lion.
Today, the largest Palestinian land animals are Arabian mountain
gazelles, wild boar, foxes, jungle cats, Sinai ibex and the rarely
seen leopards, hyenas, jackals and wolves. In all, there are 116
different species of land animals in Palestine, compared with 140 in
the whole of Europe, which is 300 times larger. This is an
impressive figure for a small country, but the numbers of animals
within each species is shrinking.
Since the 1960s, the Israeli Nature Reserves Authority has been
reintroducing populations of animals which were native to the area
in biblical times, under a program known as Hai-Bar. Breeding
centers for Mediterranean animals (in the Carmel) and desert animals
(at Yotvata in the Wadi Araba) have been set up, and five species
were selected for the first stage: ostriches, roe deer, Asiatic wild
asses, Persian fallow deer and the white oryx. All except the roe
deer are globally endangered. The founder animals for each species
came from both zoos and the wild, around the world. Successful
reintroductions into the wild have already been implemented for the
Asiatic wild ass (starting in 1982), the fallow deer (since 1996)
and the white oryx (since 1997).
Most of the Wildlife in Palestine is legally protected by the
Israeli Wild Animals Protection Law, enacted in l954. This law also
protected all carnivores, except the Syrian jackal (Canis aureus
syriacus), which was only later declared a protected species. The
Wildlife in Palestine is also legally protected by the Palestinian
Environment Law no. 7, enacted in 1999. The legal protection of
carnivores in Palestine is reasonably well enforced. Cases of
intentional killing of carnivores, mainly by shooting, are rare and
carried out only by the Arabs and Druse, with whom the traditional
animosity towards carnivores is still prevalent. There are, however,
occasional cases of mortality caused by pesticides, mainly secondary
poisoning from feeding on poisoned pest rodents. Mortality of
carnivores caused by humans in Palestine is mainly through road
accidents, which, however, do not appear to endanger any species, as
shown by the hyaena (Hyaena hyaena). This species has a small
population in Palestine (rough estimate: 150), and is very prone to
road accidents, with about 20 animals being killed in this way every
year. However, the population seems to be slowly increasing. One
advantage of road deaths is that they provide documentation on the
distribution of the carnivores concerned. For example, the recent
spread of the stone marten (Martes foina) is well-documented by road
deaths (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).
Conservation efforts in occupied Palestine are needed to ensure the
continued survival of the Arabian leopard, Arabian caracal,
Palestine wild cat, Palestine jungle cat, Arabian wolf, Palestine
fox, Afghan fox, Sinai ibex and the desert gazelles, and to prevent
the continued habitat destruction that takes its toll on smaller
mammals.
In this study I would like to list the Palestinian mammals living in
the "Land of Milk and Honey" or the "Land of the Gazelle".
Order: INSECTIVORA (Insectivores: Hedgehogs and Shrews):
Family: Erinaceidae (Hedgehogs):
1. East European Hedgehog, Common Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus
concolor, Martin 1918) and the Palestine Hedgehog (Erinaceus
roumanicus sacer, Thomas 1918) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 9: 212.
Type from near Jerusalem, Palestine. Perhaps a valid subspecies:
Erinaceus concolor sacer]:
This is the largest of the three species of hedgehogs in Palestine.
Head and body length ranges from 200 to 260 mm. in adults with a
skull length over 55 mm. This hedgehog weighs about 550-700 g., with
males generally larger than females. The East European Hedgehog is
distributed in Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Lebanon, Syria and
Palestine. It is common in the northern half of Palestine, in the
Judean hills (around Al-Quds [Jerusalem]) and along the coastal
plain, as far south as Ruhama. This species is found in the more
mesic areas of Palestine. Records are available from the mountain
regions (receiving more than 100 mm. rain/year) and the coastal
plains south to Gaza. Where it occurs it is common and records from
Palestine are abundant. Both Aharoni (1930) and Bodenheimer (1958)
reported common hedgehogs as abundant in Palestine extending as far
south as Ruhama and Gaza. It was also recorded in and around
Jerusalem, Beit Lid (near Natanya), Tivon, Lod, Beit Lahem
(Bethlehem) and Beit Sahur.
Hedgehogs are common animals in the folklore of the locals. All
hedgehogs are referred to in Arabic as "Qunfuth" (
قنفذ
) and rarely
as "Kababet chouk" (spiny creature) or "Khlund". They are eaten by
some locals, especially among Bedouins. In many areas, elders
attribute medicinal qualities to hedgehog meat (for example, a cure
for arthritis and rheumatism) (Qumsiyeh 1996).
2. Egyptian Long-eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus aegyptius, E.
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1803) and the Syrian Hedgehog (Erinaceus
syriacus, Wood 1876) [Bible animals, p. 83, from Palestine. Synonym
of aegyptius]; and (Erinaceus brachydactylus, Tristram 1884) [Fauna
and flora of Palestine, p. 95]:
The Egyptian Long-eared Hedgehog is distributed in Egypt, Cyrenaica
(East of Libya) and Palestine. In Palestine, it is common in the
southern part of the coastal plain as far north as Qeisariya
(Caesarea), and south to the northern Naqab (Negev) Desert (around
Bi'er Al-Sabe'e [Beersheba]). This species occupies an area in
Palestine that is intermediate in rainfall (100-400 mm.). It avoids
extreme desert conditions and the northern cold mountain regions.
This species is common along the coastal plains from Jaffa southward
to Gaza and Al-Arish (northern Sinai). It was also recorded in and
around Ramleh, Bir Salem (near Lod), Lod, Bie'r Al-Sabe'e
(Beersheba), Tulkarem, Rishon le Zion, Beit Sahur, Bethlehem,
Givatayim (near Tel Aviv), Tel Aviv, Beit Hanan, Herzelia, Kfar
Vitkin, Moza, Revivim, Gevim, Shivta, Zahala and Tel Shoqet (western
Arad).
3. Ethiopian Hedgehog, Desert Hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus
pectoralis, Heuglin 1861):
This species is intermediate in size between the small Hemiechinus
auritus and the large Erinaceus concolor. Skull length is generally
45-52 mm. It occurs throughout Africa, Sinai, Arabia, the Syrian
Desert, the Naqab Desert (south of Bi'er Al-Sabe'e), and the Wadi
Araba and reaches the Jordan Valley. The first specimen from the
area is that from Petra (Jordan) on which the name pectoralis was
based. Tristram (1884) and Bodenheimer (1958) reported that this
hedgehog is common in southern Palestine. It was recorded in and
around Bie'r Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba), Wadi Araba, Areeha (Jericho),
Azraq ed Druz, Wadi Rum (at Dieseh), Turabah, Wadi Raman, Revivim,
Ein Radian, Rehovot, Zeelim, Nahal Zin, Jerusalem, Massua, Ain Auja,
Ahuzam and Avedat Horvot.
Family: Soricidae (Shrews):
4. Bicoloured White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura leucodon, Hermann 1780)
and the Palestine or Judean Bicoloured White-toothed Shrew
(Crocidura russula judaica, Thomas 1919) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser.
9, 3: 32. Type from near Jerusalem, Palestine]:
The distribution of this species is from Western Europe to central
and southern Russia, eastern Turkestan, Asia Minor, northern Iran
and the Arabian Peninsula. In Palestine, It is found in the northern
and central part of the country, Mount Hermon (at 1,550 m.) and the
occupied Golan Heights.
5. Palestine Lesser White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura suaveolens
portali, Thomas 1920) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, 5: 119. Type
from Ramleh, Palestine. Valid subspecies: Crocidura suaveolens
portali] and (Suncus tristrami, Bodenheimer 1935) [Animal life in
Palestine, p. 95. Synonym]:
This Shrew is distributed in Europe and Asia. The subspecies
Crocidura suaveolens portali is known from northern Iraq, Egypt
(southern Sinai) and Palestine, where it has been found in the Huleh
Valley (Dan), the coastal plain (Ramleh) and in the Araba (Arava)
Valley (Ein Yahav).
6. Savi's dwarf Shrew, Mediterranean pygmy Shrew, Etruscan Shrew,
Lesser Shrew (Suncus etruscus, Savi 1822) and the Palestine pygmy
Shrew (Sorex pygmaeus, Tristram 1884) [Survey of western Palestine,
fauna and flora of Palestine, p. 24. Type from Dir Mar Saba,
Palestine. Synonym]:
Savi's dwarf Shrew is widespread from southern Europe, the
Mediterranean region, the Caucasus, southern Russia, Turkestan,
India, Ceylon, Malaya, Iran, Arabia, North Africa, northern Nigeria,
French Guinea, East and South Africa. In Palestine, it has been
recorded from the northern part of the country as far south as Mar
Saba near the Dead Sea.
7. Thomas's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lasia, Thomas 1907):
This species is distributed in Turkey, Caucasia, Iran, Lebanon and
Palestine. It has been recorded once from Mount Hermon at 1,200 m.
above sea level.
8. Great White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula monacha, Thomas
1906):
This Shrew is widespread in Western Europe, southern Russia,
Transcaucasia, southern Turkestan, Armenia, Cyprus, Asia Minor,
Iran, Afghanistan, east to Kashmir, China, Japan and North Africa,
from Morocco to Tunisia, but not Egypt. The subspecies Crocidura
russula monacha is known from Lebanon and Palestine, where it is the
most common shrew from Mount Hermon and the occupied Golan Heights
as far south as Eilat.
9. Ramon White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura ramona, Ivanitskaya Shenbrot
and Nevo 1996):
This Shrew is presently known only from southern Palestine, at the
northern edge of the Judean Desert and the Naqab (Negev) Desert
highlands (Mizpe Ramon, Sde Boqer and Sartaba).
10. Pale Gray Shrew, East Persian White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura
pergrisea, Miller 1913):
This Shrew is distributed in Baltisan (Kashmir), eastern Iran and
Palestine, where it has been recorded once on Mount Hermon at 2,000
m.
Order: CHIROPTERA (Bats):
Family: Pteropodidae (Fruit-eating Bats):
11. Egyptian Fruit Bat, Flying "Fox" (Rousettus aegyptiacus, E.
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1810):
The Egyptian Fruit Bat is distributed in Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon,
Palestine, Egypt, and Ethiopian Africa in part, south to Angola. In
Palestine, It is common in the coastal plain, on Mount Carmel, in
the Huleh and Jordan Valleys, near the Dead Sea (Ein Gedi), but
rarely in the hills. In Eilat, it probably represents the Arabian
subspecies, Rousettus aegyptiacus arabicus Anderson and de Winton
1902, which is usually smaller, with a more pointed ear tip.
Family: Rhinopomatidae (Mouse-tailed Bats):
12. Arabian Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat, Small Mouse-tailed Bat
(Rhinopoma hardwickei arabium, Thomas 1913) and (Rhinopoma
hardwickei cystops, Thomas 1903):
This Bat is distributed in North and East Africa, the Asben region,
Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, southern to northern Kenya, Arabia, Iran,
Afghanistan, India, Burma and lower Siam. In Palestine, it is found
in the Huleh Valley (Dan), western Galilee (Hanita and Rosh
Hanikra), the western shore of the Sea of Galilee (Wadi Amud), the
western shore of the Dead Sea (Ein Gedi), and the Araba (Arava)
Valley (Ein Yahav).
13. Larger Mouse-tailed Bat, Great Rat-tailed Bat, Long-tailed Bat
(Rhinopoma microphyllum, Brünnich 1782):
This Bat is distributed in Northeast Africa, Egypt and Arabia,
through India and Burma. In Palestine, it is fairly common in the
Huleh Valley and rarer in the hills, Jordan Valley, plain of Jericho
and the Dead Sea basin.
Family: Emballonuridae (Sheath-tailed Bats, Ghost Bats, Tomb Bats):
14. Naked-bellied Tomb Bat, Naked-rumped Bat (Taphozous nudiventris,
Cretzschmar 1830):
This bat is distributed in Egypt, south to northern Kenya, Congo,
southern Iran, Arabia, and east to India, Burma and Malay States.
The subspecies Taphozous nudiventris nudiventris is known from
Arabia. In Palestine, it occurs in the Huleh Valley (Dan), Galilee
(Wadi Amud), southeast of Haifa, near the Sea of Galilee and the
Dead Sea.
15. Geoffroy's Tomb Bat, Egyptian Tomb Bat (Taphozous perforatus, E.
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1818) and (Taphozous perforatus haedinus,
Thomas 1925):
This Bat is distributed in southwestern Arabia, Egypt, southward and
westward in Africa and India. In Palestine, the subspecies Taphozous
perforatus haedinus has been recorded from west of the Sea of
Galilee, the western shore of the Dead Sea, and the northern Naqab
Desert.
Family: Nycteridae (Slit-faced Bats):
16. Egyptian Slit-faced Bat (Nycteris thebaica, E. Geoffroy St.
Hilaire 1818):
This bat is distributed in Greece (Corfu), Egypt (Sinai), Sudan,
Kenya, Angola and Arabia. In Palestine, it has been recorded in the
Jordan Valley (Beit Shan) and the Araba Valley (Ein Yahav).
Family: Rhinolophidae (Horseshoe Bats, Old World Leaf-nosed Bats):
17. Greater or Larger Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,
Schreber 1774):
This Bat is widespread from Europe through Asia, north of the
Himalaya Mountains, as far east as Japan, south through Asia Minor,
Syria, Palestine and Africa. In Palestine, it is common throughout
the Mediterranean coastal region, around the Sea of Galilee and the
Judean hills (Jerusalem).
18. Arabian Horseshoe Bat, Desert or Cretzschmar's Horseshoe Bat
(Rhinolophus clivosus, Cretzschmar 1828):
This Bat is distributed around the Red Sea coasts of Arabia, African
coast of Gulf of Aden, southern Arabia, Eritrea, Egypt, the Sinai
and Sahara Deserts. In Palestine, it may occur in the southern
coastal plain and northern Naqab Desert.
19. Lesser Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros, Bechstein 1800)
and (Rhinolophus hipposideros minimus, Heuglin 1861):
This Bat is distributed in Western Europe through to southwestern
Russia, Asia Minor, Arabia, Iran, east to Kashmir and North Africa,
Sudan and Ethiopia. The subspecies Rhinolophus hipposideros minimus
occurs in Lebanon and Arabia. In Palestine, it ranges from the Huleh
Valley, around the Sea of Galilee, Mount Carmel, Judean hills
(Jerusalem), the coastal plain, Naqab Desert and Araba Valley (Ein
Yahav).
20. Peter's Horseshoe Bat, Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus
blasii, Peters 1857):
This Bat is distributed in southern Europe, Cyprus, Transcaucasia,
southwest Russian Turkestan, Iran, Asia Minor and North Africa. In
Palestine, it is found from the coastal plain (Herzlia) to the
Judean hills (Jerusalem – the Cave of Adullam).
21. East Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale, Blasius
1853) and the Palestine or Judean Horseshoe Bat (Euryalus judaicus,
Anderson and Matschie 1904) [Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.,
1904: 80. From Cave of Adullam, near Jerusalem (= Mogharet
Khureitun, 4 km southeast of Beit Sahur, fide Atallah, 1977) Perhaps
a valid subspecies Rhinolophus euryale judaicus]:
This Bat is distributed in southern Europe, Asia Minor, Iran and
North Africa. The subspecies Rhinolophus euryale judaicus occurs in
Lebanon, Jordan and in Palestine, where it is known from the Sea of
Galilee, the coastal plain and the Judean hills.
22. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi, Matschie 1901):
This Bat is distributed in Transcaucasia, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon and
Palestine, where it has been recorded from the north (Rosh Hanikra),
the coastal plain (Herzlia), Galilee and the Judean hills
(Jerusalem).
Family: Hipposideridae (Leaf-nosed Bats):
23. Trident Leaf-nosed Bat (Asellia tridens, E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire
1812):
This Bat is distributed in North Africa, Senegal, Egypt to Zanzibar,
southern Iran, southern Syria, Arabia, eastward to northwestern
India. In Palestine, it is common and widespread from Mount Carmel,
the coastal plain, Jordan Valley, Judean hills to the Araba Valley
(north of Eilat).
Family: Molossidae (Free-tailed Bats, Sharp-nosed Bats, Mastiff
Bats):
24. Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida aegyptiaca, Geoffroy 1818):
This is a medium-sized bat with a forearm length of 47-55 mm. and a
greatest length of skull of 20-22 mm. This species is distributed in
the most of Africa, and into Arabia and India. In Palestine, it is
not yet recorded, but doubtless occurs in the Naqab Desert.
25. European Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida teniotis rueppellii, Temminck
1826):
This Bat is distributed in southern Europe, Madeira, and the Canary
Islands, through North Africa to southern China, Taiwan and Japan.
The subspecies Tadarida teniotis rueppellii is known from Egypt,
Lebanon, Iraq and Palestine, where it is found on Mount Carmel, the
coastal plain, Jordan Valley, Judean hills and the Naqab Desert, as
far south as Eilat.
Family: Vespertilionidae (Plain-nosed Bats, Common Bats)
26. Arabian Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus leucomelas,
Cretzschmar 1826):
The nominate subspecies is found in Europe and Russia. The Arabian
race Barbastella barbastellus leucomelas occurs in the Caucasus,
Transcaucasia, Russian Turkestan, Chinese Turkestan, southern Asia,
Iran, Sinai and Palestine, where it has been recorded from the
southern Wadi Araba (Eilat), but it is very rare.
27. Geoffroy's Bat, Notch-eared Bat (Myotis emarginatus, Geoffroy
1806) and (Myotis emarginatus desertorum, Dobson 1875):
This Bat is distributed in southern and Central Europe, from France
to Italy, eastern Iran, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is common on
Mount Carmel and in the coastal plain.
28. Lebanese Greater Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis myotis macrocephalis,
Harrison and Lewis 1961):
This Bat is distributed in Western Europe, south Asia Minor, Russia,
east to Carpathians, Arabia. The subspecies Myotis myotis
macrocephalis is found in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is
fairly common in Upper Galilee.
29. Persian Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis blythii omari, Thomas
1906):
The Lesser Mouse-eared Bat is distributed in the Mediterranean
region of Europe, southern Russia, and eastwards through southwest
Asia, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Arabia and North Africa. The
Persian subspecies Myotis blythii omari is known from Iran, Turkey,
Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it has been recorded from
the Jezreel Valley (Beit She'arim).
30. Long-fingered Bat (Myotis capaccinii bureschi, Heinrich 1936):
This Bat is distributed in the Mediterranean region, Spain, southern
France, Italy, Corsica, Switzerland, Sardinia, Transylvania,
Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkestan, Iran, Arabia, Cyprus, Asia
Minor, Morocco and Algeria. The subspecies Myotis capaccinii
bureschi is known from Bulgaria. In Palestine, it has been recorded
from around the Sea of Galilee and Mount Carmel.
31. Palestine Natterer's Bat (Myotis nattereri hoveli, Harrison
1964) [Z. Säugetierkd., 29: 58. Type from Aqua Bella, near
Jerusalem, Palestine. Synonym of Myotis nattereri] :
The Natterer's Bat is distributed in Europe, the Middle East and Far
East. The Palestinian subspecies Myotis nattereri hoveli is known
only from Palestine, where it is common in Galilee, the coastal
plain and the Judean hills, where it was first recorded by David L.
Harrison in Aqua Bella, near Jerusalem.
32. Egyptian Pygmy Pipistrelle, Desert Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus
ariel, Thomas 1904):
This Bat is distributed in Eastern Egypt and Sudan; and in
Palestine, it is very rare, but has been recorded southwest of the
Dead Sea (Nahal Ze'elim) and in the Wadi Araba.
33. Common Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Schreber 1774):
The subspecies Pipistrellus pipistrellus pipistrellus is known from
Europe and parts of Asia, Asia Minor, Morocco, Lebanon and
Palestine, where it is very rare on Mount Hermon and the occupied
Golan Heights, and seems to reach the southern limit of its range in
Upper Galilee.
34. Kuhl's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii marginatus, Cretzschmar
1830) and (Pipistrellus kuhlii ikhwanius, Cheesman and Hinton 1924):
The species is widespread from southern Europe, southern Russia,
southwest Asia, Asia Minor, Arabia, northern Sinai and North, East
and South Africa. The subspecies Pipistrellus kuhlii ikhwanius is
known from Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Arabia, Sinai and Palestine, where
it is the commonest insectivorous bat and found throughout the north
into the northern Naqab Desert, Judean Desert and around the Dead
Sea.
35. Savi's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus savii caucasicus, Satunin 1901):
This Bat is distributed in southern Europe and Russia, Asia Minor,
Lebanon and Palestine east to Siberia and Mongolia, North Africa,
but not Egypt. The subspecies Pipistrellus savii caucasicus is known
from Lebanon and Palestine, where it has been recorded from Upper
Galilee.
36. Palestine Bodenheimer's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus savii
bodenheimeri, Harrison 1960) [Durban Mus. Novit., 5 (19): 261. Type
from Yotvata (Ein Ghidyan), 40 km north of Eilat, Wadi Araba,
Palestine]:
This Bat is distributed in Sinai, Arabian Peninsula, south to Aden.
In Palestine, it is common near the western shore of the Dead Sea
and in the southern Wadi Araba, where it was first recorded by David
L. Harrison in Ein Ghidyan (Yotvata).
37. Rüppell's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus rueppelli coxi, Thomas 1919):
This Bat is distributed in Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania,
the Congo, northern and southern Zimbabwe, Nyasaland, Ngamiland,
Bechuanaland, Senegal and Angola. The subspecies Pipistrellus
rueppelli coxi is known from Iraq and Palestine, where it has been
recorded from northernmost Upper Galilee.
38. Lebanese Common Noctule or Great Bat (Nyctalus noctula
lebanoticus, Harrison 1962):
This Bat is widespread in Western Europe, Russia, south to Asia
Minor, eastwards through Iran and Asia. The subspecies Nyctalus
noctula lebanoticus is rare in the region where it is known from
Lebanon and Palestine (near Areeha [Jericho]).
39. Serotine Bat (Eptesicus serotinus, Schreber 1774) and (Eptesicus
serotinus isabellinus, Temminck 1840):
This species has the widest range of all bats – being the only bat
common to both the Old and New Worlds. It is widespread in central
and southern Europe, east toward Asia, North and part of West
Africa. In Palestine, it is found in Upper Galilee, the coastal
plain and the Judean hills.
40. Botta's Serotine Bat, Lesser Serotine Bat (Eptesicus bottae
innesi, Lataste 1887):
This bat is distributed in Egypt and Palestine, where it is very
rare but has been recorded in the Araba Valley (from Ein Gedi and
Yotvata).
41. Hemprich's Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichi jin, Cheesman
and Hinton 1924):
This Bat is distributed in Kashmir, Russian Turkestan through Iran,
Iraq and Palestine, where the subspecies Otonycteris hemprichi jin
is known from the western shore of the Dead Sea, the Naqab Desert
and the Wadi Araba.
42. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus christiei, Gray 1838):
This Bat is distributed in Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, Afghanistan and
Kashmir, Egypt, North and East Africa. The subspecies Plecotus
austriacus christiei apparently occurs in Egypt, Sinai, Syria and
Palestine, where it is widespread in the north, the Judean hills
(near Jerusalem), and south through the Naqab Desert to Eilat.
43. Schreiber's Bat, Long-winged Bat, Bent-winged Bat (Miniopterus
schreibersi, Kuhl 1819) and (Miniopterus schreibersi pallidus,
Thomas 1907):
Schreiber's Bat is widespread in the Old World, through Europe and
Asia, Asia Minor, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Palestine, where it has
been recorded from the central coastal plain, south to Lahav.
Order: CARNIVORA (Carnivores):
Family: Canidae (Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, Foxes):
44. Syrian or Asiatic Jackal, Golden Jackal (Canis aureus syriacus,
Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833):
The Golden Jackal is distributed in southern Europe, North Africa,
Egypt, Asia Minor, Arabia, to India and the Indochinese Peninsula.
The subspecies Canis aureus syriacus is common throughout the
northern half of Palestine to just south of Bi'er Al-Sabe'e
(Beersheba), but does not penetrate the desert.
45. Egyptian Jackal (Canis aureus lupaster, Hemprich and Ehrenberg
1833):
The Egyptian Jackal is a valid subspecies, and is distributed in
Egypt and perhaps Sinai and the Naqab Desert. The Egyptian
subspecies was quoted from Palestine by Flower (1932).
46. Hadramaut or Arabian Jackal (Canis aureus hadramauticus, Noack
1896):
The Hadramaut or Arabian Jackal is distributed in southern Arabia.
In Palestine, jackals found near the Dead Sea (Ein Fashkhah and Neot
Hakikar) probably belong to this subspecies.
47. Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes, Sykes 1831):
The Indian Wolf is widespread from northern India to Sind, south to
Dharwat, Baluchistan, southern Iraq, Kuwait, northern Arabia, Syria,
Lebanon and Palestine, where the subspecies Canis lupus pallipes is
extirpated from the coastal plain, but still occurs in the Judean
hills, and is an intruder in the Huleh Valley from the occupied
Golan Heights. A slightly smaller and paler population appears to
inhabit the northern Naqab Desert and northern Wadi Araba.
48. Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs, Pocock 1934):
The Arabian Wolf is distributed in Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait (where
it may intergrade with the Indian subspecies), and Egypt (the
southern and eastern Sinai desert). In Palestine, Canis lupus arabs
inhabits the southern Wadi Araba and appears to intergrade with the
Indian subspecies in the northern Naqab Desert and northern Wadi
Araba.
49. Egyptian Common Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes aegyptiacus, Sonnini
1816) and (Vulpes vulpes niloticus, Geoffroy 1803):
The Egyptian Red Fox is known from Libya and Egypt. It may be the
race that inhabits the mountains of the Naqab and Sinai Deserts.
50. Arabian Common Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica, Thomas 1902):
The Arabian Red Fox is distributed in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and
Palestine, where the subspecies Vulpes vulpes arabica is found in
the southern half of the country, in the stony desert hills and
wadis of the Naqab Desert and Wadi Araba,
51. Palestine Common Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes palaestina, Thomas 1920)
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, 5: 122. Type from Ramleh, near Jaffa,
Palestine. Synonym of Vulpes vulpes aegyptiacus]:
The Palestine Red Fox is distinguished by its gray colour,
particularly along its sides, with a nearly complete suppression of
rufous, except the face. The forelegs are grayish-rufous or fulvous.
The underparts are whitish or black. The upper tail is buffy, washed
with black. Measurements: Head and body 455-625 mm.; ear 83-105 mm.;
hind foot 121-148 mm.; tail 305-412 mm.
The Palestinian subspecies Vulpes vulpes palaestina is known from
Lebanon and Palestine, where it is common along the coastal plain
and as far south as Bi'er Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba).
52. Mountain Common Red Fox, Tawny Fox (Vulpes vulpes flavescens,
Gray 1843):
The Mountain Fox is distributed in northern Iran, Kurdistan and
Iraq. Vulpes vulpes flavescens may be the subspecies found in the
northern, more mountainous regions of Palestine.
53. Rüppell's Sand Fox (Vulpes rueppelli, Schinz 1825) and (Vulpes
rueppelli sabaea, Pocock 1934):
Rüppell's Sand Fox is distributed in North Africa, from Algeria,
Libya and Egypt, south to Sudan, Somaliland and Asben, Iran and
Afghanistan. The subspecies Vulpes rueppelli sabaea is known from
Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Palestine, where it inhabits the
western side of the Dead Sea, and Wadi Araba. It may intergrade with
the African subspecies Vulpes rueppelli rueppelli in the Naqab and
Sinai Deserts where intermediate forms occur.
54. Afghan Fox, Blanford's Fox (Vulpes cana, Blanford 1877):
The Afghan Fox is distributed in Uzbek, southern Turkman, Russia,
Afghanistan, Iran, northwestern Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United
Arab Emirates, Jordan, Palestine and Sinai. In Palestine, it was
discovered by G. Ilani, where it is known from the western side of
the Dead Sea (Ein Gedi), and south to Eilat.
55. Fennec Fox (Vulpes [Fennecus] zerda, Zimmerman 1780):
The Fennec Fox is almost certain to be found in sandy desert areas
in the Naqab and in eastern Jordan, because it was reported in
similar habitats in Kuwait, Egypt and western Sinai (Harrison, 1968;
Khalaf, 1984; Qumsiyeh, 1996). There is a record of an
Epipaleolithic Fennec Fox from Qasr Al Kharana in Jordan (Hatough-
Bouran and Disi, 1991).
Family: Felidae (Cats):
56. Palestine Wild Cat, Bush Cat (Felis Silvestris tristrami, Pocock
1944) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 11, 11: 125. Type from Ghor
Seisaban, Moab, Jordan (collected by Tristram). Perhaps a valid
subspecies: Felis silvestris tristrami] :
The Wild Cat is widespread in Europe, Asia, Arabia and Africa. The
Palestinian subspecies Felis Silvestris tristrami is found in
Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Palestine, where it is fairly common
throughout most of the country.
57. Iraqi or Mesopotamian Wild Cat, Desert Wild Cat (Felis
silvestris iraki, Cheesman 1920):
The Iraqi Wild Cat Felis silvestris iraki was described from Kuwait
and northeast Arabia. In Palestine, a specimen fitting the
description of this race, which had been killed by a car, was found
by Walter W. Ferguson on the western side of the Dead Sea between
Ein Zohar and Ein Boqek.
58. Sand Cat (Felis margarita, Loche 1858) and the Arabian Sand Cat
(Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976):
The Sand Cat is distributed in North Africa, Egypt (Sinai), Russian
Turkestan and Arabia. In Palestine, it is confined to the Wadi Araba
(Hatseva).
59. Palestine Jungle Cat, Swamp Cat (Felis chaus furax, de Winton
1898) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 2: 293. Type from Areeha
(Jericho), Palestine (based on a specimen collected by Tristram).
Valid subspecies] and (Lyncus chrysomelanotis, Nehring 1902)
[Schriften Berl. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., 1902: 145. Type from near
the Jordan River. Synonym of Felis chaus furax] :
The Jungle Cat is distributed in Asia, from the Caucasus and
Turkestan to India and the Indochinese Peninsula, and Egypt. The
Palestinian subspecies Felis chaus furax is known from Iraq, Jordan
and Palestine, where it is found in the Huleh and Jordan Valleys,
Galilee, the coastal plain, reaching just north of Bi'er Al-Sabe'e
(Beersheba), Areeha (Jericho), and the southern end of the Dead Sea.
60. Arabian Caracal Lynx, Desert Lynx (Felis [Caracal] caracal
schmitzi, Matschie 1912) [Schriften Berl. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.,
1912: 64. Type from "Wadis opening to the Dead Sea". Type specimen
at the Berlin Zoological Museum is from Ain ed Dachubeijir, Jordan.
Valid subspecies] :
The Caracal Lynx is distributed in northern Africa, Arabia, the Near
East and India. The Arabian subspecies Caracal caracal schmitzi is
known from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait and Oman. In Palestine, it has been found in the occupied
Golan Heights, Upper Galilee, the Jordan Valley, Mount Carmel, near
the Dead Sea, in the Naqab Desert and Wadi Araba, south to Eilat.
61. Anatolian Leopard (Panthera [Felis] pardus tulliana,
Valenciennes 1856):
The Leopard is widespread from South Africa to Arabia, Iran and
Asia, as far east as Japan. The Anatolian subspecies Panthera pardus
tulliana is known from Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where
it has been recorded from Upper Galilee, formerly Mount Carmel, and
the Judean hills (near Al-Quds [Jerusalem]).The Anatolian Leopard is
a valid subspecies in northern Palestine.
62. Arabian Leopard, Nimer or Nimr (Panthera [Felis] pardus nimr,
Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833) and the Sinai Leopard (Panthera [Felis]
pardus jarvisi, Pocock 1932):
The Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr occurs in Palestine along
the western side of the Dead Sea (Ein Gedi), the Judean and Naqab
Deserts, south to Eilat and Sinai. It is rare and on the verge of
extirpation. The Arabian Leopard is a valid subspecies in Arabia and
southern Palestine; and the Sinai Leopard is a synonym of Panthera
pardus nimr.
63. Asiatic or Iranian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus, Griffith
1821): The Asiatic cheetah once ranged from Arabia
to India, through Arabia, Iran, central Asia, Afghanistan and
Pakistan, and, particularly in Iran and the Indian subcontinent, it
was numerous. Cheetahs were easy to train, and rulers kept huge
numbers for hunting gazelles. The Moghul Emperor of India, Akbar, is
said to have had 1,000 at a time. It appears in many Persian and
Indian miniature paintings. But by 1900 it was already headed for
extinction in many areas. The last physical evidence of cheetahs in
India was three shot (with two bullets) by the Maharajah of Surguja
in 1947 in eastern Madhya Pradesh. In Palestine, it was scarce by
1884, though more common east of the Jordan River. By 1930, it was
rare, but still common in the southern steppe. The last Palestinian
cheetah was seen in the Naqab Desert (near Yotvata) in 1959. By
1990, Asiatic cheetahs are apparently extirpated except from Iran,
and possibly Pakistan and Afghanistan. Estimated to number over 200
during the 1970s in Iran, current estimates by Iranian biologist
Hormoz Asadi put the number at 50 to 100 (Jackson, 1998).
64. Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera [Felis] leo persica, Meyer
1826): The Asiatic or Persian Lion was
formerly distributed in Greece, Asia Minor, Iran, northern Arabia,
and east to India. The Persian subspecies Panthera leo persica was
found in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Palestine, where it must have been
abundant in Biblical times. According to the Bible, in which it
appears under several different names, the lion must have been quite
common at that time. The species appears often on mosaics from the
Roman and Byzantine periods. The thickets of the Jordan were a
preferred habitat. It became extinct after the time of the
Crusaders. The last mention of them being by Arab writers of the
13th and 14th century, when lions still existed near Samaria and
other areas. One specimen has been hunted at Lejun, near Megiddo, in
the thirteenth century. Alfaras Bin Shawer, Wali of Ramla, wrote
that he saw eleven dead lions after heavy rain in Ramla and the area
of Nahr (River) Al-Auja in 1294. Sanqarshah Almansouri, Naib of
Safad (1304-1307), killed in the coastal forests 15 lions. At this
time, lions certainly roamed over parts of Syria and Arabia and
along the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq, where in ancient
times lions figured prominently in the great royal hunts in Assyria.
It is clear that lions survived in Mesopotamia until the nineteenth
century, and there are several references to them by travellers of
that period. The Persian Lion has not been reported from Iran since
1942. However, it is possible that it still exists
there.
The last remnant of the Asiatic
Lion, which in historical times ranged from Greece to India through
Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir Forest National Park of western
India. About 300 lions live in a 1,412 km² (558 square miles)
sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. In 1907 there were only 13 lions
left in the Gir, when the Nawab of Junagadh gave complete protection
to
them.
Unlike the tiger, which
prefers dense forests with adequate cover, the lion inhabits the
scrub-type deciduous forests. Compared to its African counterpart,
the Indian lion has a scantier mane. The lion seldom comes into
contact with the tiger which also lives in India, but not in the Gir
region as this forest is hotter and more arid than the habitat
preferred by the
tiger.
In Al-Jaleel (Galilee)
there is a hill called Tel el Assad (Lion Hill in Arabic), and there
is a village nearby called Deir el Assad (Monastery of the Lion),
that may refer to a quite late occurrence of this species. Bie'r Al-
Sabe'e بئر السبع
(Well of the
Lion) is a famous Palestinian city in
the Naqab (Negev) desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).
Family: Herpestidae or Viverridae (Genets, Mongooses and Civets):
65. Palestine Genet (Genetta genetta terraesanctae, Neumann 1902)
[Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., p. 183. Type from Mount Carmel
area, Palestine]:
The Palestine Genet was recorded from the Mount Carmel area by
Tristram (1866). Unspecified additional specimens were reported from
Sejera (Schedschera) and Wadi Fauar near the Dead Sea by Aharoni
(1930).
66. Egyptian Mongoose, Ichneumon (Herpestes ichneumon, Linnaeus
1758):
The Egyptian Mongoose is distributed in southern Spain, North, East
and Southwest Africa, Asia Minor, Turkey and Palestine, where it is
common in the northern half of the country, in the Huleh Valley,
along the coastal plain, with several isolated populations near the
Dead Sea and the Wadi Araba.
Family: Hyaenidae (Hyaenas and Aardwolves):
67. Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca, Matschie 1900):
The Striped Hyaena is distributed in North and East Africa, Egypt
and Sinai, through Asia Minor, southern Russia, Iran, Arabia,
Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq to Nepal and India. The
Syrian subspecies Hyaena hyaena syriaca is known from Syria,
Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, where it has disappeared from the
coastal plain and is becoming rare in the Huleh Valley, Upper
Galilee, Mount Carmel and the Judean hills, south to the Naqab
Desert and Wadi Araba.
68. Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana, Pocock 1934):
The Arabian Striped Hyaena is known from southern Arabia. In
Palestine, it occurs near the southern end of the Dead Sea (Neot
Hakikar). A specimen in the collection of the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem constitutes the first geographical record for Palestine.
It may be that the Arabian race intergrades with the Syrian
subspecies in the northern part of its range.
69. Dubbah, Sudan Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena dubbah, Meyer 1793):
The Dubbah is a valid subspecies and perhaps enters Palestine from
the Sinai.
Family: Mustelidae (Weasels, Polecats, Martens, Badgers, Otters and
Skunks):
70. Common Weasel, Least Weasel, Snow Weasel (Mustela nivalis,
Linnaeus 1766) and the Egyptian Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis
subpalmata, Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833) and the Mediterranean
Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis boccamela, Bechstein 1800):
The common Weasel is the smallest carnivore in the region. It is
distinguished by its slender body; long neck; low, rounded ears;
short limbs; and tail which is less than a quarter of the length of
the head and body. In the summer, the upper parts are a uniform
brown, and the under parts are white, sharply demarcated along the
flanks. The dorsal surface of the forefeet is white. The tail is
brown, becoming darker towards the tip. The winter coat is
presumably all white, as in the colder parts of its range.
Measurements: Head and body 160-290 mm; hind foot 20.5-30.5 mm; tail
40-70 mm. (Ferguson, 2002).
The common Weasel is active day and night. It inhabits holes, often
the burrows of rodents and hollow trees, among boulders and rock
crevices. It lives also in mountains, as high as the sub-alpine
zone. In Egypt, this species appeared to be more commensal than
feral and was mostly obtained around human habitations and near
cultivated areas (Setzer, 1958). Flower (1932) remarked that in
Egypt, these animals frequented clubs, restaurants, homes, and other
buildings. Such habitat choice was not seen in Egypt later by Osborn
and Helmy (1980).
The Common Weasel feeds on insects, small rodents, birds, lizards,
amphibians, fish and occasionally larger animals. Gestation period
is 34-37 days; and in Armenia, it usually produces 3-9 young in the
late spring and summer (Dahl, 1954); and in Egypt, a litter of five
was noted born in December (Flower, 1932).
The Common Weasel is widespread in Europe eastwards through Russia,
Asia Minor, Iran, northern Arabia, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Korea,
China, Japan and North Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and North
America.
Considered by some authors a definite Pleistocene rodent specialist,
the Common Weasel seems to have made its first appearance in Europe
during the Mindel glacial episode (about 400,000 years ago) and is
commonly found in cave deposits from the beginning of the Late
Pleistocene. It represents a Palaearctic species of the Euro-
Siberian Region, widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North Africa
(Masseti, 1995).
In the Mediterranean region, the Common Weasel occurs today in
northern Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), in most of southern
Europe and in Anatolia. In the Levant its distribution is restricted
to the northern areas of the region, including Lebanon (Harrison and
Bates, 1991) and northern Syria. In the northern Arabian Peninsula,
it has not been reported since the Early Bronze Age (Dayan and
Tchernov, 1988). In fact, in Palestine, the species does not exist
at present (Dayan and Tchernov, 1988; Dayan, 1989). Beyond this
distribution gap in Palestine, the Common Weasel occurs again in
Egypt, along the Nile delta and valley, with a population
characterized by large body size. This Egyptian population is almost
completely commensal with man (Osborn and Helmy, 1980) and has been
occasionally considered either a Roman introduction or a glacial
relic. Even if they do not reach the size of the Egyptian Weasel,
The Mediterranean Weasels are all characterized by a very large body
size (King, 1989; Masseti, 1995).
The subspecies found in Lebanon is the Mediterranean Mustela nivalis
boccamela, and is smaller than the Egyptian subspecies Mustela
nivalis subpalmata.
The status of the weasel in Palestine is not clear. Two Common
Weasel subspecies may occur in Palestine: The Egyptian Common Weasel
(Mustela nivalis subpalmata, Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833) and the
Mediterranean Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis boccamela, Bechstein
1800). Zoologists (Aharoni, 1930; Bodenheimer, 1958) of the first
half of last century failed to confirm Tristram's listing of this
species (as Mustela boccamela) as a member of the Palestinian fauna,
from the vicinity of Mount Tabor. The common Weasel is reported from
Holocene fossils (11,000 to about 5000 years before present) from
Areeha (Jericho), Bi'er Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba), and the Galilee
(Tchernov, 1988). It probably became extirpated in Palestine due to
increasing aridity. However, relict populations survived around the
Nile Valley in northern Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), and two
specimens are known from Lebanon (Harrison and Lewis, 1964). Thus, a
population perhaps still survives in the Holy Land. Indeed, Harrison
and Lewis (1964) reported undocumented skins in the collection of
Salah (Selah) Merrill, who made most of this collection, while an
American Consul in Jerusalem between 1882-1907 (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
The word Mustela is Latin for weasel; and the name nivalis is
derived from nix, Latin, genitive nivis, snow. Hence, also, the
common name Snow Weasel (Qumsiyeh, 1996; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006);
and I would like to mention that the Weasel Tribe are common in
Palestine.
71. Syrian Stone Marten, Rock Marten, Beech Marten (Martes foina
syriaca, Nehring 1902) [Type from Wadi Sir or Syr, Jordan (specimen
is at the Zoological Museum in Berlin). Valid subspecies]:
The Stone Marten is widespread across Europe, Asia Minor and Asia.
The Syrian subspecies Martes foina syriaca occurs in Iraq, Syria,
Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, where it was formerly common in the
Judean hills and was extirpated on Mount Carmel. It has recently
appeared at Ramat Shaul and Kiryat Shprinzak. It is now rare in the
Galilee and the occupied Golan Heights, but has increased in the
Hula Valley near Kibbutz Dan.
72. Syrian Marbled Poleacat (Vormela peregusna syriaca, Pocock 1936)
[Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1936: 720. Type from near Lake Tiberias
(Sea of Galilee), Palestine]:
The Marbled Polecat ranges from southeastern Europe and southwestern
Asia, Russia into Mongolia. The Syrian subspecies Vormela peregusna
syriaca is found in Syria, western and northern Iraq, and Palestine,
where it is fairly common in the northern half of the country up to
the edge of the desert.
73. Persian Honey Badger or Ratel (Mellivora capensis wilsoni,
Cheesman 1920):
The Honey Badger is widespread in most of Africa, Arabia to Russian
Turkestan, east to Nepal and India. The Persian subspecies Mellivora
capensis wilsoni is known from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, southern
Arabia and Palestine, where it is rare but widespread from Upper
Galilee (Umm Falik) to the Judean hills and the Naqab Desert (Ein
Hussub). It has also been recorded from Gaza.
74. Persian Common Badger, Old World Badger, Eurasian Badger (Meles
meles canescens, Blanford 1875):
The Common Badger is the only species of its genus, and it is
widespread throughout Europe and Asia, Tibet, northern Burma and
southern China. The Persian race Meles meles canescens occurs in
Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is uncommon but has
been recorded in Upper Galilee, Jezreel Valley, upper Jordan Valley
and the coastal plain.
75. Persian Common River Otter (Lutra lutra seistanica, Birula 1912):
The Common River Otter is widespread across Europe and Asia, from
England to Japan, Asia Minor, Arabia and North Africa. In Palestine,
the Persian subspecies Lutra lutra seistanica is widespread, though
uncommon, in the northern half of the country, from the Huleh Valley
to the mouth of the Jordan River at the Dead Sea, and the coastal
plain.
Family: Ursidae (Bears):
76. Syrian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos syriacus, Hemprich and Ehrenberg
1828) [Type from near Bischerre, Mount Makmel, Lebanon] and the
Hermon Brown Bear (Ursus arctos schmitzi, Matschi 1917)
[Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., p. 33. Type from Mount Hermon,
Palestine. Synonym]:
The Brown Bear ranges widely across the northern parts of the New
and Old Worlds.
The Syrian subspecies Ursus arctos syriacus is known from Asia
Minor, Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it
formerly occurred in Galilee and the Judean hills during Biblical
times. Prophet David boasts of having strangled a bear, which had
attacked his herd, and two bears killed the 42 boys, who scoffed at
the Prophet Elisha. In the nineteenth century it was observed in a
ravine near Tiberias, near Beisan and in the Golan Heights. The last
wild Syrian Bear was killed near Majdal Shams in the southern Mount
Hermon in 1917. They were 140 cm in height and dark brown. It has
not been a menace to flocks of sheep and goats for a long time, but
occasional visits to vine-yards and fruit-groves are still reported
from Syria. The Bear is extinct on the Hermon and Anti-Lebanon,
mainly because it was so drastically hunted by German officers
during the war (Khalaf, 1983, 2001). Today, it exists in Palestine
only in zoos.
Order: HYRACOIDEA (Hyraxes):
Family: Procaviidae (Hyraxes):
77. Syrian Rock Hyrax, Coney (Procavia capensis syriaca, Schreber
1784) and the Palestine Hyrax (Procavia sinaitica schmitzi, Brauer
1917) [Schriften Berl. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., 1917: 302. Type from
Bteha Plains, north of Lake Galilee, Palestine. Synonym]:
The Rock Hyrax or Coney is distributed in Africa and the Middle
East. The Syrian subspecies Procavia capensis syriaca is known from
Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it inhabits Mount Hermon up to
1,300 m., the occupied Golan Heights and Upper Galilee. Allopatric
populations are found on Mount Tabor and Mount Carmel. The Sinai
subspecies Procavia capensis sinaiticus occurs in the Naqab Desert
and may intergrade with the Syrian subspecies in the Judean Desert.
At Ein Gedi, there are two colour phases, dark brown and pale
grayish-yellow.
78. Sinai Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis sinaiticus, Gray 1868):
The Sinai Rock Hyrax is described from Sinai (Mount Katarina) up to
2,000 m. The Sinai subspecies Procavia capensis sinaiticus occurs in
the Naqab Desert and may intergrade with the Syrian subspecies in
the Judean Desert. In Palestine, the Sinai Hyrax is known from the
Judean Desert (Ein Gedi) and the Naqab Desert.
Order: PERISSODACTYLA (Odd-toed Ungulates):
Family: Equidae (Horses, Asses, Zebras):
79. The Syrian Onager, Syrian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus hemippus, I.
Geoffrey 1855) and the Persian or Caucasus Onager (Equus hemionus
onager, Zimmerman 1780 and Boddaert 1785):
The Syrian Onager or Wild Ass Equus hemionus hemippus inhabited the
Syrian Desert, where it became extinct in the 1920s. Although it is
not native to Palestine in historic times, a hybrid population
between the larger Persian Onager Equus hemionus onager, and the
Asiatic Onager Equus hemionus kulan, has been introduced into the
central Naqab Desert.
Order: ARTIODACTYLA (Even-toed Ungulates):
Family: Suidae (Pigs, Boars):
80. Palestine Wild Boar, Wild Hog (Sus scrofa libycus, Gray 1868):
The Wild Boar is widespread through Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa
and Asia as far east as Japan. The Palestinian subspecies Sus scrofa
libycus occurs in southwestern Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine,
where it survives in the occupied Golan Heights, Upper Galilee, the
Huleh and Jordan Valleys, hills of Samaria and Judea (occupied West
Bank of Jordan River), and was extirpated from the coastal plain. A
relic population survives along the Jordan River and south of the
Dead Sea.
Family: Cervidae (Deer):
81. Kurdish Roe Deer, Kurdish Roebuck (Capreolus capreolus coxi,
Cheesman and Hinton 1923) [Type from Zakho, Kurdistan, northern
Iraq]:
The Roe Deer is distributed in Europe and Asia. The Kurdish
subspecies Capreolus capreolus coxi is known from Iraq, Turkey and
Lebanon. In Palestine, it was common in Upper Galilee, the Jordan
Valley and Mount Carmel, where it probably reached the southernmost
limit of its range. It has been extirpated since about 1912. There
is a report of one caught in 1941 at Ein Sachne (Kibbutz Kfar
Szold), which may have strayed from Lebanon. Sightings of deer in
recent years refer to the Mountain Gazelle, with which they are
often confused. The species has been reintroduced to the country in
captivity. In 1996, nine deer were set free on Mount Carmel and
appear to be thriving (Ferguson, 2002).
82. Red Deer, Stag (Cervus elaphus, Linnaeus 1758):
The Red Deer was the first of three species of deer to disappear in
Palestine, according to Bodenheimer (1958). Remains of the red deer
were excavated at Tel Hesbon in layers from the 12th to the 15th
century AD. It is not known when the last of the red deer vanished
from the forests of the Holy Land. In Iran, the red deer was common
in the Caspian Forest. The specific name elaphus comes from the
Greek elaphos and means stag or deer (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
83. Mesopotamian Fallow Deer, Persian Fallow Deer (Dama
mesopotamica, Brooke 1875) [Type from Luristan Province, Iran]:
"These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the
goat. The hart (red deer) and the gazelle, and the fallow deer, and
the wild goat and the addax, and the bison (wild ox), and the wild
(mountain) sheep". (The Bible: Deuteronomy, 14: 4-5).
The Mesopotamian or Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) is
considered to be one of the rarest species of deer in the world;
over hunting brought this species to the verge of extinction. It was
widespread in western Iran, south Asia Minor, Iraq and Palestine,
where it was known from the Upper Pleistocene of the Huleh Valley
(Bnot Ya'acov). It was in the nineteenth century found in Upper
Galilee, Mount Tabor, Mount Carmel and the coastal plain (Emeq
Hefer), and was at that time on the verge of extinction. It has
completely disappeared from Palestine since. In fact, in the early
1950s it was thought to be extinct, but in 1956 a very small herd,
estimated at 25 animals, was discovered in Iran. In 1978, four
fallow deer were brought to Palestine and placed in Hai Bar Carmel
together with two more Persian fallow deer acquired from zoos in
Europe the previous year.
The six animals formed the nucleus of a breeding core, and with the
care and devotion of the Hai Bar staff, the Persian fallow deer
quickly flourished. By 1996, its population had swelled to more than
150, by far the largest herd anywhere in the world. Since that year,
ten deer have been transported twice a year from Hai Bar Carmel to a
10-hectare enclosure with rich vegetation within the Kziv Reserve in
the Northern Galilee. The animals are kept in the reserve for three
months before being released into the neighboring countryside.
During the brief period in the enclosure, they become accustomed to
their new environment and become independent of artificial feeding.
Before being released, all the females and several males are fitted
with radio collars. This enables the experts to track the deer after
they are released into the wild. In this manner, the herd's progress
can be monitored and any factors threatening its existence can be
quickly traced. Over the past years, the experts have been learning
how the deer have adjusted to their new environment by studying
their patterns of movement and preferred habitat. Based on the data
accrued, the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority
(INNPPA) has been able to improve its reintroduction program,
acquire basic information for future management of the Persian
fallow deer population, and project the distribution and success of
the future wild population. Biologists have also added to what they
already knew about the Persian fallow deer: their average weight and
height is 150 kilograms and 100 centimeters respectively, their life
span about 16 years and their gestation period seven and a half
months, producing a single fawn. The first fawns were born in the
wild in the spring of 1997.
By the summer of 2000, ten bi-annual releases had taken place,
making a total population of more than 100 fallow deer in northern
Galilee. An additional 150 deer continue living in Hai Bar Carmel.
Estimates are that by the year 2005, there will be nearly 200 fallow
deer living in the wild. In 2002, the reintroduction effort will
shift to eastern Galilee and the Jerusalem mountains (Khalaf, 2001).
As a direct result of this program, Persian fallow deer have been
successfully reintroduced to the wild, once again becoming part of
the country's landscape. However, aside from the reintroduced
population in Palestine, both in the wild and Hai Bar Carmel, there
are thought to be no more than 15 Persian fallow deer still alive in
the wild in Iran, and several hundred more in captivity in zoos
worldwide. Therefore, the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) still lists this rarest of deer as a critically
endangered species (Khalaf, 2001).
Family: Bovidae (Oxen, Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Antelopes):
84. Addax (Addax nasomaculatus, de Blainville 1816):
The Pleistocene presence in Palestine of the Addax is documented.
The exact time that this species became extirpated in the eastern
Mediterranean region is unknown, and remaining small populations may
have existed during the Roman periods (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
85. Bubal Hartebeest, Bubale (Alcelaphus buselaphus, Pallas 1766):
The Pleistocene presence in Palestine of the Bubale is documented.
The exact time that this species became extirpated in the eastern
Mediterranean region is unknown, and remaining small populations may
have existed to the 19th century. Aharoni (1930) mentioned that this
species was not seen in Palestine since the turn of the 20th
century. Bubales were introduced into the Hula Nature Reserve
(Qumsiyeh, 1996).
86. Aurochs, Wild Ox (Bos primigenius, Boianus 1827):
The Aurochs were reported from ancient strata (about 7000 BC) from
Areeha (Jericho), and there is no record of their domestication in
the Jericho Tell strata. However, the species was domesticated in
India, where it gave rise to the domestic humped cattle or Zebu (Bos
indicus). Tristram (1876) reported that these animals are depicted
in earlier dynasties (Nineveh) but not in the latter dynasties of
the Assyrians at Kuyonjik. Thus, the aurochs probably became
extirpated in the eastern Mediterranean region sometime during
Assyrian rule.
Bos is Latin, genitive bovis, meaning an ox, and primigenius is
Latin meaning original or primitive (in reference to its being the
ancestor of domestic cattle). The word aurochs is from the Old High
German (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
87. Arabian Oryx, White Antelope, Al Maha (Oryx leucoryx, Pallas
1777):
The Arabian Oryx was previously widespread in the Arabian Peninsula
as far north as Syria. In the 19th century, this beautiful antelope
was still common in northern Arabia and in the Belka and Hawran in
Jordan (Tristram, 1866, 1876), but it was rare or absent in
Palestine. Talbot (1960) stated that it was already becoming rare in
Sinai and the southern deserts of Palestine in 1800. Schmitz
collected this species at Amman, Jordan in 1910. A hunter shot three
animals at Qatrana in the 1920s. In southern Jordan, the species may
have persisted into the 1930s as a British Army Unit kept one there;
but by the 1940s the Oryx probably was exterminated throughout
Jordan. Populations persisting early in the 20th century were
reported near Jebel El Tubaiq, and in Al Busayta, and Wadi Sirhan in
northern Saudi Arabia near the border with Jordan. Sometime between
the First and Second World Wars, populations of the Oryx were
decimated in the Arabian and Syrian deserts. This was accomplished
by intensive hunting using modern weapons and vehicles, especially
near the newly discovered oil fields. By 1970 it was found only in
the southeastern regions of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert
on the Arabian Peninsula. The last one in the wild was shot in 1972.
In the early 1960s, several international organizations began to
cooperate in saving the Oryx. These organizations included the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF), and the Shikar-Safari Club. A breeding
population was established at the Phoenix Zoo in Arizona, U.S.A.,
with animals collected from a trip to Saudi Arabia in 1962, and
donated animals from holdings in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the
London Zoo. This "world herd" began to multiply and was the nucleus
to be used to "repopulate the desert". Animals raised in Arizona
were re-introduced into the wild in Oman (Jiddat Al Harasis,
Yalooni) in 1982. Additional reintroduced populations now occur in
Palestine (Wadi Araba), Jordan (Wadi Rum), Syria (Al Talila
Reserve), and Saudi Arabia (Mahazat As-Sayd, `Uruq Bani Ma'arid),
with a total reintroduced population in the wild of approximately
886 in 2003. In occupied Palestine, there is a managed population in
the Hai Bar Reserve, and a reintroduced herd in Wadi Araba, and a
captive breeding population at Tel Aviv Zoo.
88. Sinai Ibex (Capra ibex sinaitica, Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1828)
and the Nubian Ibex (Capra ibex nubiana, F. Cuvier 1825):
The Ibex is distributed in Europe, Asia, southwest Asia, Arabia,
Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea. In Palestine, the Sinai subspecies Capra
ibex sinaitica is confined to the Dead Sea region, and Naqab Desert,
south to Eilat.
89. Palestine Gazelle, Mounatin Gazelle, Idmi or Edmi, Chinkara
(Gazella gazella, Pallas 1766):
The Mountain Gazelle is distributed in North Africa, Iran, Syria and
Arabia. The nominate subspecies Gazella gazella gazella occurs in
Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is fairly common in the
northern half of the country, south to the Judean hills.
The words Gazelle and Gazella derive from the Arabic Ghazzal or
Ghazal, the name for these animals.
90. Araba (Arava) Gazelle, Common Arabian Gazelle, Idmi or Edmi
(Gazella gazella cora, Hamilton Smith 1827) and the Desert Arabian
Gazelle (Gazella gazella acaciae, Mendelssohn, Groves and Shalmon
1997) and the Saudi Arabian or Farasan Island Gazelle (Gazella
arabica, Lichtenstein 1827):
The Arabian Gazelle Gazella gazella cora was formerly found in the
northern Wadi Araba (Hatseva), but is now known only from the
southern Wadi Araba (Yotvata), Palestine.
91. Naqab (Negev) Gazelle, Dorcas Gazelle, Afri (Gazella dorcas,
Linnaeus 1758) and (Gazella dorcas isabella, Gray 1846):
The Dorcas Gazelle is distributed in North and East Africa, Sinai
and Arabia. In Palestine, it inhabits the western side of the Dead
Sea and the southern half of the country.
92. Arabian Sand Gazelle, Goitered Gazelle, Rhim or Rheem (Gazella
subgutturosa marica, Thomas 1897) [Type from Ibri, Najd Desert,
Saudi Arabia]:
The Goitered Gazelle ranges from the Arabian Peninsula, west through
Russian Turkestan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, to Tibet and
Mongolia. A specimen at the Berlin Zoological Museum is from El
Katrana (Harrison, 1968). A specimen at the Philadelphia Zoological
Gardens came from 160 km. southeast of Hibar. A skull was reported
from Safawi (H 5 station) in 1950, and another from Qa'a Dhuweila in
September 1983 (Amr and Disi, 1988). A specimen is available at the
Berlin Zoological Museum from Al Busayta in northern Saudi Arabia
(Qumsiyeh, 1996).
Order: LAGOMORPHA (Hares, Rabbits and Pikas):
Family: Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits):
93. Syrian Hare (Lepus capensis syriacus, Hemprich and Ehrenberg
1833):
The Cape or Common Hare is very widespread, polymorphous and clinal,
ranging across Europe, northern Asia, Asia Minor, Arabia, and Africa
as far south as South Africa. The Syrian subspecies Lepus capensis
syriacus is known from Lebanon, Syria, northern Jordan and
Palestine, where it is common in the northern half of the country,
south almost to Kiryat Gat. Part of a cline, it may intergrade with
other races to the south.
94. Philistine Hare (Lepus capensis philistinus):
The Philistine subspecies Lepus capensis philistinus is found in the
southern coastal plain between Qedma and Bi'er Al-Sabe'e
(Beersheba). It may intergrade with Lepus capensis syriacus to the
north and Lepus capensis sinaiticus to the south. The Holotype is
deposited in the Zoological Museum of Tel Aviv University. Type
locality is from Qedma, Philistine coastal plain, Palestine. It was
named philistinus after the region in which it is found.
95. Arabian Hare (Lepus capensis arabicus, Hemprich and Ehrenberg
1833) [Type from Qunfidha, South of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Valid
subspecies] and the Palestine or Judean Hare (Lepus capensis judeae,
Gray 1867) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 20: 222. Type from Ain
Fashkhah, Palestine. Synonym of Lepus capensis arabicus] :
The Arabian Hare is distributed in Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
and Palestine, where it is rare and confined to the southern Wadi
Araba (Bir Hindis). Yom-Tov (1967) listed Lepus capensis arabicus
from Eilat. Atallah (1977) reassigned Lepus capensis sinaiticus and
Lepus capensis judeae in Palestine as synonyms of Lepus capensis
arabicus. Harrison and Bates (1991) retain Lepus capensis sinaiticus
for southern Palestine.
96. Egyptian Hare (Lepus capensis aegyptius, Desmarest 1822):
The Egyptian Hare was recorded in Jordan Valley, Wadi Araba, and
Bi'er Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba).
97. Sinai Hare (Lepus capensis sinaiticus, Ehrenberg in Hemprich and
Ehrenberg 1833) [Type from Jebel Musa, near Mount Sinai, Sinai
Peninsula. Perhaps a valid subspecies in Sinai and Naqab (Negev)
deserts]:
The Sinai Hare is known from eastern Sinai and the southern half of
Palestine, generally south of the 100 isohyte line. It may
intergrade with the Philistine Hare to the north.
Order: RODENTIA (Rodents or Gnawing Mammals):
Family: Sciuridae (Squirrels and Marmots):
98. Syrian Squirrel, Persian Squirrel, Caucasian Squirrel (Sciurus
anomalus syriacus, Ehrenberg 1828) [Type from Lebanon Mountains.
Valid subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus in southern Turkey,
Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine]:
The Caucasian Squirrel is widespread in Europe, Asia Minor and Asia.
The Syrian subspecies Sciurus anomalus syriacus is known from
southern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, where it was
found in northern Palestine at the beginning of the 20th century,
and was thought to be extirpated, but in 1967, it was rediscovered
in Wadi Assal, several kilometers from Dan at the foot of Mount
Hermon. It is also known from the occupied Golan Heights.
Family: Hystricidae (Porcupines):
99. Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica, Kerr 1792) and the
Palestine Crested Porcupine (Hystrix hirsutirostris aharonii, Müller
1911) [Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., 1911: 123. Type from
Emmaus, Palestine. Synonym] and (Hystrix hirsutirostris schmidtzi,
Müller 1911) [Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., 1911: 126. Type
from Ain Dschuheijir, northwestern Dead Sea, Palestine. Synonym]:
The Indian Crested Porcupine is distributed in India, Iran, Iraq,
Syria and southern Arabia. In Palestine, it is fairly common
throughout the country.
Family: Capromyidae (Coypus):
100. Nutria or Coypu (Myocastor coypus, Molina 1782):
The Nutria or Coypu is a large rodent, with partially webbed hind
feet and a rather bare cylindrical tail. It is amphibious and
inhabits marshes, ponds and rivers. A native of central and southern
South America, it was introduced into Palestine, for the purpose of
fur farming, but some escaped or were set free, and are now feral in
the Huleh and Beit Shean Valleys, coastal plain (Ma'agan Michael,
Ma'ayan Zvi, Alexander River) and in the Naqab Desert (Ein Yahav)
(Ferguson, 2002).
Family: Cricetidae (Hamsters):
101. Syrian Gray Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius cinerascens, Wagner
1848):
The Gray Hamster is distributed in Greece, eastwards through Asia
Minor, Arabia, southern Russia, the Ukraine, the Caucasus,
Transcaucasia, Russian Turkestan, Chinese Turkestan, Iran,
Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir and southwest Siberia. The Syrian
subspecies Cricetulus migratorius cinerascens is known from Syria,
Iraq, Lebanon and Palestine, where it reaches the southern limit of
its range in the northern half of the country, on Mount Hermon, the
occupied Golan Heights, Upper Galilee and the Mediterranean region.
102. Syrian Hamster, Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus,
Waterhouse 1839) [Type from Aleppo, Syria]:
The Syrian Hamster is distributed in Rumania and Bulgaria,
southwestern republics of the U.S.S.R., Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon
and Palestine. Tristram (1884) reported seeing this species in
northern Palestine. Aharoni (1930) reported that this species is
known from Metullah, and later (1932) listed three specimens
collected by Siehe at Mersina (southern Lebanon). A specimen at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem is from Qiryat Saide (Qumsiyeh,
1996).
Family: Arvicolidae (Voles, Lemmings and Muskrats):
103. Syrian Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris hintoni, Aharoni 1932):
The Water Vole is distributed in Eurasia, Asia Minor and northern
Arabia. The Syrian subspecies Arvicola terrestris hintoni is known
from Asia Minor, Turkey (Lake Antioch). In Palestine, its presence
is a mystery. It has been reported as common near the Banias, but
the only specimens known are skulls found in owl pellets in the
vicinity of Lake Huleh at Yessod Hama'ale and near Melaha.
104. Hermon Snow Vole (Microtus nivalis hermonis, Miller 1908) [Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, 1: 103. Type from Mount Hermon, Palestine.
Valid subspecies].
The Snow Vole is distributed in Europe, southwestern Turkestan,
Iran, Asia Minor and northwestern Arabia. The Hermon subspecies
Microtus nivalis hermonis is known from Lebanon and Palestine, where
it is found on Mount Hermon from 1,650 m. to just under 2,000 m.
above sea level.
105. Mediterranean Vole, Günther's Social Vole, Levant Vole
(Microtus socialis guentheri, Danford and Alston 1880) and the
Philistine Vole (Microtus philistinus, Thomas 1917) [Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 8, 19: 450. Type from Ekron, Palestine. Synonym of
Microtus guentheri]:
The Mediterranean Vole is distributed in Greece, Asia Minor to
northern Arabia, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Libya. The
subspecies Microtus socialis guentheri is found in Turkey, Syria,
Lebanon and Palestine, where it is widespread throughout the
northern half of the country, south to Mishmar HaNegev.
The occurrence of Günther's Social Vole in Palestine was first
discovered not in Palestine, but in the British Museum in London,
when a specimen of the snake Caelepeltis lacertina, collected by
Tristram in 1863 on the Plain of Gennesaret, was found to contain a
perfect specimen of Günther's Social Vole in its stomach.
Family: Spalacidae (Blind Mole Rats):
106. Palestine or Jaffa Mole Rat, Greater Mole Rat, Blind Mole Rat
(Spalax microphthalmus ehrenbergi, Nehring 1898) or (Spalax leucodon
ehrenbergi, Nehring 1898) [Schriften Berl. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.,
(for 1897), p. 178, pl. 2. Type from Jaffa, Palestine. Valid
subspecies]:
The Greater Mole Rat is distributed in Libya, Egypt and Sinai,
eastern Europe, Asia Minor, southern Russia and Arabia. The
Palestinian subspecies Spalax microphthalmus ehrenbergi is known
from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, where it is
widespread on Mount Hermon, the occupied Golan Heights, from the
Galilee to the northern Naqab Desert. Four sibling species
(chromosomal forms) interbreed and hybridize in Palestine.
Family: Gerbillidae (Gerbils, Jirds and Sand Rats):
107. Arabian Cheesman's Gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani arduus, Cheesman
and Hinton 1924) and Cheesman's Gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani, Thomas
1919):
The Cheesman's Gerbil is distributed in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq
and Iran. Qumsiyeh (1996) collected four specimens of Cheesman's
Gerbil from near Disi in Wadi Rum, Jordan. The species is known from
30 km. west of Badanah, and 5 km. west of Turaif, both in northern
Saudi Arabia, close to the Jordanian border. The species may occur
in the Naqab Desert.
108. Wagner's Gerbil, Rough-tailed Dipodil (Gerbillus dasyurus,
Wagner 1842) and (Gerbillus dasyurus dasyuroides, Nehring 1901)
[Type from the mountains of Moab, Jordan. Perhaps a valid
subspecies]:
The Wagner's Gerbil is distributed in Arabia, Egypt (Sinai) and
possibly Africa. It is known from Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan
and Palestine, where it is found in the southern half of the
country, from the northwest end of the Dead Sea and south from Bi'er
Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba).
109. Lehmann's Gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus leosollicitus, von Lehmann
1966):
The Lehmann's Gerbil is known from Syria and probably Lebanon. In
Palestine, it is found in the northern half of the country, from
Upper Galilee (Rosh Hanikra), Mount Carmel (Haifa), the coastal
plain (Wadi Ara), and the Judean Hills (Jerusalem).
110. Lesser Egyptian Gerbil (Gerbillus gerbillus, Olivier 1801) and
the Asyut Gerbil (Gerbillus gerbillus asyutensis, Setzer 1960):
The Lesser Egyptian Gerbil is distributed in Africa, from Egypt
eastwards to Iraq and Iran, south through the Arabian Peninsula and
Sinai (Nabeq). The Asyut subspecies Gerbillus gerbillus asyutensis
is known from Upper Egypt (southeast of Asyut, Eastern Desert). In
Palestine, it has been recorded from the northwestern Naqab Desert,
and is slightly larger in Wadi Araba.
111. Greater Egyptian Gerbil (Gerbillus pyramidum, E. Geoffroy St.-
Hilaire 1803) and (Gerbillus pyramidum floweri, Thomas 1919) [Type
from Wadi Hareidin, South of Al Arish, northern Sinai. Valid
subspecies in Palestine]:
The Greater Egyptian Gerbil is distributed in North Africa, from
Morocco eastwards to Egypt, and southwards to Asben and Sudan, and
northwestern Arabia. The subspecies Gerbillus pyramidum floweri is
known from the northern Sinai Desert (south of Al Arish) and
Palestine, where there is a morphologically indistinguishable
chromosomal cline from the northern Naqab Desert, up the coastal
plain to Holon. An allopatric population is found as far north as
Akka (Acre).
112. Baluchistan Gerbil (Gerbillus nanus arabium, Thomas 1918):
The Baluchistan Gerbil is distributed in Baluchistan, Arabia and
Egypt. The subspecies Gerbillus nanus arabium is known from
northwestern Arabia, southwestern Iraq, Oman, South Yemen, Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt (Sinai), Jordan and Palestine, where it is
widespread in the Naqab Desert, from the southern end of the Dead
Sea (Sdom), south through Wadi Araba to Eilat.
113. Pygmy Dipodil, Henley's Gerbil, Pygmy Gerbil (Gerbillus
henleyi, de Winton 1903) and (Gerbillus henleyi mariae, Bonhote
1909):
The Pygmy Gerbil is distributed in the North African Sahara, from
Algeria through Libya, Egypt and northwestern Arabia. The subspecies
Gerbillus henleyi mariae is known from Sinai, Jordan and Palestine,
where it has been found in the northern and central Naqab Desert,
practically to Eilat.
114. Anderson's Gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni, de Winton 1902) and
(Gerbillus andersoni bonhotei, Thomas 1919):
The Anderson's Gerbil is distributed in Libya, Egypt, Jordan and
Palestine. The subspecies Gerbillus andersoni bonhotei is found in
the northern coastal plain of Sinai, Jordan and Palestine, where it
occurs in the southern coastal plain and northwestern Naqab Desert.
It intergrades with Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi between Ashkelon
and Kerem Shalom.
115. Allenby's Gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi, Thomas 1918)
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 2: 146. Type from Rehobot, near
Jaffa, Palestine. Valid subspecies]:
The Allenby's Gerbil is endemic in Palestine, where it is confirmed
to the narrow littoral zone of the Mediterranean, from Haifa south
to Ashkelon, where it intergrades with the more richly coloured
Gerbillus andersoni bonhotei.
116. Bushy-tailed Jird (Sekeetamys [Meriones] calurus, Thomas 1892):
The Bushy-tailed Jird is distributed in eastern Egypt, Sinai, Jordan
and Palestine, where it inhabits the western side of the Dead Sea,
south through the eastern and southern Naqab Desert, as far as
Eilat.
117. Tristram's Jird (Meriones tristrami, Thomas 1892) [Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 6, 9: 148. Type from the Dead Sea region, Palestine]:
The Tristram's Jird is distributed in Asia Minor, Iran, Iraq, Syria,
Turkey, Lebanon, Sinai (Al Arish), and Palestine, where the
subspecies Meriones tristrami tristrami is common in the north in
the valleys, and less common on the mountains and the coastal plain.
118. Tristram's Syrian Jird (Meriones tristrami bodenheimeri,
Aharoni 1932):
The Tristram's Syrian Jird is known from Syria, Lebanon and
Palestine, where it is found on the occupied Golan Heights.
119. Tristram's Desert Jird (Meriones tristrami deserti):
The Tristram's Desert Jird is a previously unrecognized subspecies
of Tristram's Jird, and inhabits the northern Naqab Desert, and the
northern coast of the Sinai Desert. The Type locality is 5 km. south
of Bi'er Al-Sabe'e (Beersheba). It was deposited in the Zoological
Museum of Tel Aviv University. Body Measurements: Head and body 107-
138 mm.; tail 98-138 mm.; hind foot 29-30 mm.; ear 17-18 mm.; length
of skull 39+ mm.; tympanic bullae 12.5-14 mm. The upper parts are
pale sandy-fawn with little red or black; the under parts are white.
The tail has a blackish tip.
120. Vinogradov's Jird (Meriones vinogradovi, Heptner 1931):
The Vinogradov's Jird was recorded from Gaza, Palestine.
121. Libyan Jird (Meriones libycus, Lichtenstein 1823) and (Meriones
libycus syrius, Thomas 1919):
The Libyan Jird ranges from Libya, Egypt, Arabia, and southwestern
Asia to Azerbaijan SSR and Pakistan. It has been reported from areas
east of the Rift Valley in Jordan. The species was first reported
from Beersheba and Nahr Al Rubin (near Jaffa) (Aharoni, 1932).
However, these records actually belong to Meriones sacramenti
(Zahavi and Wahrman, 1957). The species was also reported from
northern Sinai at Bir Lehfan (14 km. south of Al Arish) (Wassif,
1954).
122. Sundevall's Jird, Silky Jird, Sand Jird, Gentle Jird (Meriones
crassus, Sundevall 1843):
The Sundevall's Jird is distributed in North Africa from Morocco,
east to Egypt and south to Asben and Sudan, throughout Arabia, Iran,
southern Russian Turkestan, Afghanistan and Waziristan. The typical
subspecies Meriones crassus crassus is known from Egypt (Sinai),
Palestine, Jordan, northern and central Arabia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait
and Oman. In Palestine, it is found in the southern half of the
country, in the Naqab Desert and Wadi Araba, south to Eilat.
123. Buxton's Jird, Palestine or Naqab (Negev) Jird (Meriones
sacramenti, Thomas 1922) [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, 10: 552. Type
from 10 miles south of Bir As Seba (Beersheba), Palestine] and
(Meriones erythrourus legeri, Aharoni 1932) [Z. Saeugetierkd., 7:
202. Type from Wadi el Abiad, southwest of Bir As Seba (Beersheba),
Palestine. Synonym]:
The Naqab (Negev) Jird is confined to Palestine, where there are two
populations, a slightly larger one in the coastal plain as far north
as the Yarkon River, and the other population is from the Naqab
Desert (area of Beersheba).
124. Fat Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus, Cretzschmar 1828) and the
Palestine Fat Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus terraesanctae, Thomas 1902)
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, 9: 363. Type from the Dead Sea region,
Palestine. Valid subspecies]:
The Fat Sand Rat is distributed in North Africa, from Algeria to
Egypt, south to Sudan and east across Arabia. The Palestinian
subspecies Psammomys obesus terraesanctae occurs in Sinai, Syria,
Jordan and Palestine, where it is found north and west of the Dead
Sea, the central Naqab Desert and Wadi Araba, from south of Bi'er Al-
Sabe'e (Beersheba) to Yotvata.
Family: Dipodidae (Jerboas, Birch Mice, Jumping Mice):
125. Greater Egyptian Jerboa, Oriental Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis,
Erxleben 1777):
The Greater Egyptian Jerboa is distributed in North Africa, Algeria,
Tunis, Libya, Egypt and Palestine, where it has been recorded from
the northern Naqab Desert (northeast of Beersheba) and western
Judean Desert (Arad).
126. Lesser Egyptian Jerboa, Thomas's Lesser Three-toed Jerboa,
Muscat Lesser Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus vocator, Thomas 1921):
The Lesser Egyptian Jerboa is distributed in southwestern Iran,
Arabian Peninsula, North Africa and the Sinai Desert. The Muscat
subspecies Jaculus jaculus vocator occurs in southeastern Syria,
eastern Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Palestine, where it occurs
in Wadi Araba and may penetrate the southern Jordan Valley.
127. Wagner's Lesser Three-toed Jerboa, Sinai Lesser Jerboa (Jaculus
jaculus macrotarsus, Wagner 1843):
The Wagner's Lesser Three-toed Jerboa is distributed in southwestern
Iran, Arabia, North Africa, Sinai and Palestine, where the Sinai
subspecies Jaculus jaculus macrotarsus is found in the northwestern
Naqab Desert.
128. Schlueter's Lesser Three-toed Jerboa, Palestine or Jaffa Lesser
Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus schlueteri, Nehring 1901) [Schriften Berl.
Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., p. 163. Type from the coastal region south
of Jaffa, Palestine. Valid subspecies]:
The Schlueter's Lesser Three-toed Jerboa is distributed in
southwestern Iran, Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. The
Palestinian or the Jaffa subspecies Jaculus jaculus schlueteri is
found along the southern coast of Palestine, as far north as Jaffa.
It may intergrade with Jaculus jaculus macrotarsus in the
northwestern Naqab and Sinai Deserts.
Family: Gliridae (Dormice):
129. Sinai Dormouse, Levant Garden Dormouse, Southwest Asian Garden
Dormouse (Eliomys quercinus melanurus, Wagner 1839):
The Levant Garden Dormouse lives in Europe and Asia. The Sinai
subspecies Eliomys quercinus melanurus is known from Asia Minor,
Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Sinai and perhaps Africa. In Palestine,
it occurs on Mount Hermon, the Huleh Valley (Dan) and the Naqab
Desert (Wadi Naphekh).
130. Golan Dormouse, Sooty Garden Dormouse (Eliomys quercinus
fuscus).
The Sooty Garden Dormouse lives in the occupied Golan Heights and
Jordan. The Holotype is deposited at the Zoological Museum of Tel
Aviv University. Type locality is Bab El Hawa, Golan Heights. It was
named after its sooty colour.
131. Turkish Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula phrygius, Thomas
1907):
The Forest Dormouse is widespread across southeast Europe, Asia
Minor, and Arabia and as far east as India. The Turkish subspecies
Dryomys nitedula phrygius is known from Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine
and probably Lebanon. In Palestine, it occurs only in Upper Galilee.
Family: Muridae (Rats and Mice):
132. Broad-toothed Field Mouse, Big Levantine Field Mouse, Rock
Mouse (Apodemus mystacinus, Danford and Alston 1877):
The Rock Mouse is distributed in Greece, Yugoslavia, Crete, Iraq,
Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, where the Turkish subspecies Apodemus
mystacinus mystacinus is found in the northernmost part of the
country on Mount Hermon, in Upper Galilee, the Huleh Valley, an
allopatric population on Mount Carmel, and south to the Judean hills
(Jerusalem).
133. Wood Mouse, Common Field Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis, Melchior
1834) and the Persian Wood Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis arianus,
Blanford 1881) and the Hermon Wood Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis
hermonensis, Filippucci, Simson and Nevo 1989):
The Wood Mouse lives in most of the western Palearctic region
including all of Europe. The species was reported from the "plains
of Palestine" (Tristram, 1884). No specific localities were given by
Tristram or subsequently by Bodenheimer (1935, 1958). Specimens at
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem are from Masada North, Moza,
Sasa, and Horshat Ha'arbaim (Horshat Tel). Specimens at the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Cambridge,
Massachusetts) were obtained from Shiba, Rasheya, and Ain Hersha in
southern Lebanon (Allen, 1915). Filippucci, Simson and Nevo (1989)
reported on populations in Galilee, Mount Hermon, and Tel Arad.
134. Mount Hermon Field Mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus iconicus, Heptner
1952):
The species is distributed in Iceland, Europe, Asia Minor, Arabia
and North Africa. The Mount Hermon subspecies Apodemus sylvaticus
iconicus occurs in Asia Minor, northern Iraq, northwest Syria,
Lebanon and Palestine, where it is found in the northern part of the
country, at the base of Mount Hermon, Upper Galilee and Mount Carmel.
135. Yellow-necked Field Mouse, Long-tailed Field Mouse (Apodemus
flavicollis argyropuloi, Heptner 1948):
The species lives in Europe, Asia Minor, Arabia and Asia. The
Armenian subspecies Apodemus flavicollis argyropuloi is known from
Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is found only in the
north, on Mount Hermon, the occupied Golan Heights and Mount Carmel.
136. Alpine Field Mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus chorassanicus, Goodwin
1940):
The Alpine Field Mouse lives in the western Palearctic region,
Iceland, Europe, Asia Minor, Arabia and North Africa. The Apodemus
sylvaticus chorassanicus is a pale coloured form, inhabiting rocky
mountain slopes above the tree line. There is no reason to consider
the alpine form on Mount Hermon as different from the alpine form in
Iran, unless the two are shown to be different (Ferguson, 2002).
137. House Mouse (Mus musculus, Linnaeus 1758) and the Syrian House
Mouse (Mus musculus praetextus, Brants 1827):
The House Mouse is Cosmopolitan. The Syrian subspecies Mus musculus
praetextus is known from Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq,
Saudi Arabia and Egypt (Sinai). In Palestine, it is found mostly in
cities and settlements throughout the country.
138. Egyptian House Mouse (Mus musculus gentilis, Brants 1827):
The Egyptian House Mouse was recorded in the Jordan Valley and the
Naqab Desert.
139. Oriental House Mouse (Mus musculus orientalis, Cretzschmar
1826):
The Oriental House Mouse was recorded in the Jordan Valley and the
Naqab Desert.
140. Macedonian Common Mouse, Wild Mouse, Short-tailed Mouse (Mus
macedonicus, Petrov and Ruzic 1983):
The Macedonian Common Mouse is distributed in Yugoslavia, Greece,
Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Cyprus and Palestine, where it is found in
the Mediterranean Zone.
141. Porcupine Mouse, Common Spiny Mouse, Egyptian Spiny Mouse,
Cairo Spiny Mouse, Sinai Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus,
Cretzschmar 1826-1827):
The Porcupine Mouse ranges from southern Iran, southern Asia Minor
and Cyprus, Arabia, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, southern Algeria,
south to Tanzania, and west to Niger. In Palestine, the Sinai
subspecies Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus is widespread from Galilee to
the coastal plain, Mount Carmel, the southern Judean hills (around
Jerusalem), near the Dead Sea, and the Naqab Desert.
142. Southern Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus homericus, Thomas 1923):
The Southern Spiny Mouse occurs mainly in southern Arabia and Oman,
but apparently is distributed in a kind of mosaic, influenced by the
dark substrate of soil and rocks. In Palestine, it is found on the
occupied Golan Heights (near Kibbutz Sneer).
143. Golden Spiny Mouse (Acomys russatus, Wagner 1840) and the
Palestine Golden Spiny Mouse (Acomys russatus harrisoni, Atallah
1970) [Univ. Conn. Occas. Pap. Biol. Sci. Ser., 1(4): 202. Type from
half a km south of Qumran Caves, near Ain Faschkha, West Bank of
Jordan, Palestine. Perhaps a valid subspecies] and the Jordanian
Golden Spiny Mouse (Acomys russatus lewisi, Atallah 1967) [J.
Mammal., 48: 258. Type from 3 km northwest of Azraq Shishan, Jordan.
Valid subspecies]:
The Golden Spiny Mouse is distributed in Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
Yemen and Palestine, where the Sinai subspecies Acomys russatus
russatus is found from the western side of the Dead Sea (Ain
Faschkha), south through the Naqab Desert to Eilat. The Palestinian
subspecies Acomys russatus harrisoni was described by the
Palestinian Zoologist Dr. Sana Issa Atallah (1970) from the western
shore of the Dead Sea. Harrison (1972) notes that "the status of the
population on the west shore of the Dead Sea in Israel is uncertain,
possibly representing Acomys russatus harrisoni." He also states
that "the material available is scarcely adequate to assess the full
degree of individual variation in the species." The distinctive
characters of Acomys russatus harrisoni, of smaller size and paler
colour, are based on only two specimens. Atallah (1970) found the
Palestine Golden Spiny Mouse on steep rock slides in semi-arid areas
near the Dead Sea at Ain Faschkha, where it is strictly diurnal,
with peaks of activity in the morning and evening. Acomys russatus
lewisi was found along the edge of the basalt desert, where it
adjoins a rocky limestone plateau, as well as in gardens around
human habitations (Atallah, 1967). The Jordanian Golden Spiny Mouse
occurs northwest of Azraq Shishan in the Syrian Desert, and was also
noted by Atallah (1967) from Azraq ed Druz. Body Measurements: Head
and body 100-115 mm.; ear 13-18 mm.; hind foot 15-19 mm.; tail 57-75
mm. (Ferguson, 2002).
144. Common Rat, House Rat, Black Rat, Ship Rat (Rattus rattus,
Linnaeus 1758) and the Alexandrian House Rat (Rattus rattus
alexandrinus, E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1803) and the Arabian House
Rat (Rattus rattus flaviventris, Brants 1827):
The Common Rat originates from Asia Minor and the Orient; it has
spread throughout the World, and is most common in warm countries.
The subspecies Rattus rattus rattus is found in Lebanon, Palestine,
Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and Bahrain. In Palestine, it
occurs throughout the country, wherever there is human habitation.
145. Brown Rat, Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhaut 1769) and
the Egyptian Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus maniculatus, Wagner 1848):
The Brown Rat originates from Japan and the Far East, and it has
spread throughout the World. The typical race is found in Iraq,
Lebanon, Bahrain and Palestine, where it has established itself in
the port cities, from Haifa and Jaffa to Eilat.
146. Palestine Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (Nesokia indica bacheri,
Nehring 1897) [Zool. Anz., 547: 503. Type from Ghor es Safi, Holy
Land. Valid subspecies]:
The Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat is distributed in Egypt, Syria,
northern Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, western Pakistan, northern
India, Russian and Chinese Turkestan. The Palestinian subspecies
Nesokia indica bacheri is known only from Jordan (southeast of the
Dead Sea), and from Palestine, where it occurs in Sdom and Ein
Bedda, the Naqab Desert (Ein Avdat), Wadi Araba (Ein Yahav) to Eilat.
Introduced and Domesticated Mammals:
147. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, Linnaeus 1758):
Rabbits most likely were domesticated from their wild ancestors by
early Romans, probably in the Iberian Peninsula. In Palestine, as in
many other parts of the world, they are used for both food and pelts.
148. Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus, Linnaeus 1758):
Guinea pigs are South American rodents that were domesticated for
meat and pelts at least 3000 years ago. Unlike the nutria, the time
since domestication and the way guinea pigs are reared in captivity
would probably prevent any establishment of feral populations.
Guinea pigs give birth to one to four young following a gestation
period of about 2 months. They have been known to live 8 years in
captivity. Domestic guinea pigs have been used for research since
the 18th century (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
149. Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris, Schreber 1777 = Felis catus,
Linnaeus 1758):
Morphologic and genetic studies suggest that all the domestic and
wild cats in Europe, Asia, and Africa belong to a single variable
species, Felis silvestris. The divergence of the European (Felis
silvestris silvestris) and north African forms (Felis silvestris
libyca) probably occurred some 20,000 years ago. Domestication was
most likely first established in northern Africa (?Egypt) some 5000-
10,000 years ago. In Egypt, cats were considered sacred and their
mummies have been discovered entombed with Kings and other royalties.
Domestic cats, called Felis catus by Linnaeus in 1758, most probably
originated from the North African Felis silvestris libyca. Genetic
evidence suggests that divergence time was about 5000 years ago.
Because of the many wild habits of domestic cats, including the
ability to return to and survive in the wild, many do not believe
that cats were ever truly "domesticated". As is true of many other
places, feral cats are known from the Holy Land (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
150. Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus 1758):
People befriended dog ancestors in the Near East at least 12,000
years ago. In Egypt, hounds were probably used to hunt gazelles at
least 3000 years ago. If one considers the dog as an extension of
its ancestor, the wolf, then perhaps this association with humans is
much more ancient. We still marvel at the early events associated
with transforming the feared competitor of humans to a trusted ally.
Wolf pups can be raised as "tame" and friendly animals; this is not
unusual among Alaskan Eskimos. The actual domestication process is
difficult to trace and probably took place independently in many
parts of the World, where humans and wolves coexisted during the
last ice age (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
Feral and domestic dogs are present around human habitations
throughout Palestine. There appear to be several breeds, of which
the true Pariah Dog is still half-wild (Tristram, 1866; Bodenheimer,
1958). Several breeds (Greyhound, Saluki, and Tazi) were known to be
used by Bedouin for gazelle hunting. These highly inbred strains are
still the common breeds seen around the camps of the Bedouin. In
villages, the Sheep Dog is more often used. According to
Bodenheimer, these breeds are all descended from the Pariah Dog.
Feral dogs are common in Palestine, and may interbreed with wolves.
Attacks on domestic animals by groups of feral dogs are sometimes
ascribed to wolves by the locals (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
151. Horse (Equus caballus, Linnaeus 1758):
The ancestors of the horse have all gone the path of extinction.
Only one wild form remains in the Mongolian steppes, Przewalski's
horse (Equus caballus przewalskii). Tristram (1866) mentions that
east of the Jordan River he and others with him saw only purebred
Arabian horses. West of the river, such horses were only in the
possession of "Sheikhs and wealthy men". Today, as then, the horse
is more a symbol of wealth and sport rather than a practical beast
of burden in the Holy Land. Equus is Latin for horse, and caballus
is Latin for a pack horse or domestic horse (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
152. Ass, Donkey (Equus asinus, Linnaeus 1758):
The North African Wild Ass (Equus africanus, synonym Equus asinus)
is the ancestor of the domestic ass or donkey. Domestic and wild
asses will interbreed and produce fertile hybrids. Although domestic
asses can be seen everywhere in Palestine, there is no evidence that
the wild form was present there. Domestication probably occurred in
northern Africa (perhaps Egypt). As Tristram (1866) observed, this
is the most common beast of burden in Palestine. Even today with
motor vehicles common everywhere, asses still are used in remote
areas for transport, especially along difficult mountain passes.
In captivity, domestic horses and asses interbreed but their hybrid
is sterile. A mule is a hybrid produced by a male ass (jackass) and
a female horse (mare). A hinny is the offspring of a male horse
(stallion) and a female ass (jenny). The hybrids are useful because
they combine characteristics of both species. Hybrids were depicted
in Egyptian tomb paintings at about 1400 BC. The word asinus is
Latin for an ass (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
153. Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus 1758 = Sus domesticus,
Erxleben 1777):
The domestic pig is still very close to its wild ancestor and as
such does not justify the use of the Latin name Sus domesticus. In
Palestine, the wild pig is still common. There is evidence of
domestication or at least interference by humans in excavations at
Areeha (Jericho) dated at 8000-7000 years BC. A few domestic pigs
are raised in Palestine for meat. They are raised in villages and
towns where Christian populations predominated (for example: Al
Nasira (Nazereth), Ramallah, Bethlehem, Beit Sahur, Beit Jala)
(Qumsiyeh, 1996).
154. Dromedary or Arabian Camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758):
The Dromedary Camel (Order Artiodactyla, Family Camelidae) no longer
exists in the wild anywhere. The oldest records of wild camels in
Palestine come from the Upper Paleolithic, some 35,000 years ago.
They were probably domesticated some 3500 years ago in areas outside
the Holy Land. The camel, weighing more than 700 kg., is used as the
main beast of burden in deserts from Africa to China. Camels can
travel with a heavy load for up to 40 km. a day, and have been known
to live in captivity for 25 to 30 years. Camels give birth to one
(unusually two) young following a gestation period of 11 months. In
Palestine and Jordan, camels are encountered commonly in the deserts
of the Naqab (Negev), Wadi Araba, and east Jordan, where their
population is probably around 30,000 according to FAO yearbook data
for 1976. Camelus is Latin for camel. The word dromedarius is
derived from the Greek dromas, meaning running (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
155. Cattle, Cows (Bos taurus, Linnaeus 1758) and (Bos indicus,
Linnaeus 1758):
The Aurochs (Bos primigenius, Bojanus 1827) was the progenitor of
domestic cattle in many parts of the World. Even though the aurochs
is known in prehistoric and historic sites in Palestine, it
apparently was not domesticated here. Rather, domesticated cattle
were probably first imported to Palestine from the east. Domestic
cattle were known in Palestine for thousands of years. Cattle were
especially plentiful near the coast. For example, the Bible states
that "Shitrai the Sharonite had charge of the cattle which were
grazing in Sharon" (1 Chronicles, 27: 29). Cattle were still reared
extensively, especially in the southern regions of Palestine and in
eastern Jordan, at the time of Tristram (1866).
156. Buffalo, Indian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, Linnaeus 1758):
The domestic water buffalo is descended from the wild Indian water
buffalo (Bubalus arnee, Kerr 1792). The latter is now rare in the
wild and found only in localized areas of Nepal and Southeast Asia.
Water buffalo were reared extensively in the Ghor and the Jordan
Valley at the time of Tristram (1866), where they replaced cattle as
the work and food animal. Tristram also indicated that buffalo were
used by the Bedouins of Beni Sakhr and others in the forested
regions of Bashan. With increased aridity and drainage of swamps,
the numbers of water buffalo declined. The remnant populations in
the Hula Basin were decimated in the 1950s. Other beasts of burden
and then mechanized agriculture replaced this large animal. The
scientific name is based on the Greek boubalos, a buffalo (Qumsiyeh,
1996).
157. Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries, Linnaeus 1758):
The ancestor of the domestic sheep was probably the Asiatic mouflon,
Ovis orientalis, Gmelin 1774. Tristram (1866) mentions the two
varieties of sheep raised in Palestine: the bigger one rose in the
north, and a smaller, broad-tailed southern form (which he called
laticaudata). Ovis is Latin for a sheep, and aries is Latin for a
ram (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
158. Domestic Goats (Capra hircus, Linnaeus 1758):
Goats were thought to be first domesticated in Persia some 10,000
years ago. Wild goats are hardy animals adapted to harsh conditions
on mountain slopes and hills. One such species, Capra aegagrus,
Erxleben 1777, was thus easily transformed to a useful domestic
animal having little maintenance cost. The wild goat or ibex, Capra
ibex, is a successful inhabitant of mountains in Palestine. Tristram
(1866) mentions the abundance of domestic goats as a food source in
Palestine. The goat variety used is the black Syrian breed (which
Tristram calls Capra mambrica L.). The goat gives birth to one to
three (unusually more) young following a gestation period of 5-6
months. Goats may live to 10-15 years in captivity (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
Wo Geparde einem Skilift nachjagen.
Das Aushängeschild des Tierparks Herberstein, das Gepardengehege,
präsentiert sich ab sofort runderneuert. Glanzstück ist der neue
Beutesimulator, mit dem die Raubkatzen wie in freier Wildbahn jagen
können.
Schnell wie ein Rennwagen:
Von null auf Tempo 100 in drei Sekunden: Geparden beschleunigen
ähnlich schnell wie ein Rennwagen und gelten als die schnellsten
Landtiere überhaupt.
Eine steirische Erfindung:
Über dem neuen Gehege, das einen halben Hektar groß ist, hängt
unübersehbar ein großes Drahtseil, das ähnlich wie ein Wasserski-
Lift wie ein Fünfeck rundum geführt wird, bestätigt Tierpark-
Geschäftsführer Andreas Kaufmann: "Es funktioniert auch genau gleich
wie ein Lift. Die Idee ist, dass an diesem Seil noch ein Seil hängt,
auf dieses Seil kommt das Fleisch rauf, und das müssen die Geparden
jagen. Dieser Lift ist in Herberstein erfunden worden, seit 1978 in
Betrieb, und nun haben wir eine komplett modernisierte und
computergesteuerte Variante. Wir können hier theoretisch über 80
km/h fahren."
Ungefähr ein Kilogramm Fleisch kommt auf jeden der jungen vier
Geparden, die offenbar viel Freude dabei haben, der Beute hinterher
zu jagen.
"Ein großes Fitnessgerät":
Auch der Direktor des Tierparks Schönbrunn, Helmut Pechlaner, ist
überzeugt, dass der Beutelift der freien Wildbahn nahe kommt: "Das
ist ein großes Fitnessgerät, weil einfach die gesamte Muskulatur
trainiert wird und die Tiere letztlich auch beschäftigt werden. Es
gehört zum Zeitvertreib dazu, dass sie beschäftigt sind, nicht nur
zum Training, sondern auch, damit sie sich wohlfühlen".
Hallo Andrea
Das Foto aus Leiden ist Eindeutig eine Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Es
gibt mehrere unterarten. In Palaestina, Syrien und Irak zum Beispiel
(Felis chaus furax). Es sieht sehr aehnlich.
Bitte unter Fotos sehen.
Liebe Gruesse
Norman Ali
--- In Raubkatzen@..., Andrea <elmourabita@g...> schrieb:
>
> Hallo Ali,
>
> erst mal wieder vielen Dank für deinen überaus interessanten
Bericht,
> grade die Felis Chaus finde ich persönlich sehr faszinierend.
>
> Was mir so spontan einfällt zu deinem Bericht ist folgendes. Im
> naturkundlichen Museum in Leiden (Holland) steht eine ausgestopfte
Katze
> rum, von der (in Abessinierbüchern) immer behauptet wird, es wäre
eine
> Abessinier.
> Ich habe sie in Natur noch nicht gesehen hatte jedoch immer die
> Vermutung, daß es sich eher um eine Rohrkatze handeln würde.
> Hier kannst du mal ein Bild ansehen
> http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Harry_Blok/his.htm
> aber wenn ich das nächste Mal mit meiner Katze zum decken nach
Leiden
> fahre (das ist Zufall, aber dort lebt der Kater, den ich ausgesucht
> habe) wollte ich dort mal selber ein Bild machen, ich hoffe,
diesmal
> werde ich Zeit dazu finden.
>
> Liebe Grüße
> Andrea
>
> --
>
> _______________________________________________________
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> - www.elmourabita.de -
>
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