The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock
1927).*

By: Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.


*Note: This article was published in "Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin." Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1-15.

Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html

The Leopard (Panthera pardus) has been traditionally recognized as a
common species due to its frequent appearance in popular wildlife TV
programs. In practice, however, this wild cat can be regarded as
common only in savannas and tropical rain forests of Sub-Saharan
Africa where it is widely filmed and even somewhere allowed for
trophy hunting within the official quotas (Anonymous 2003). In the
meantime, eight leopard subspecies are listed in the 2004 IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species as either "endangered" or "critically
endangered" and seven of them are living today in Asia (IUCN 2004).
Without taking active, targeted, and large-scale conservation
measures, they are in imminent danger of extinction from the Earth.
The Persian or Iranian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock
1927) is one of the subspecies in danger of disappearance.

The Persian leopard is one of the leopard subspecies native to
western Asia. It is endangered throughout its range in the Middle
East.

The Persian leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies
of leopards in the world. It can grow to up to 1.5 to 2.7 feet tall
at the shoulder, and weigh as much as 155 lbs. Before 1990, when
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the
Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these
countries were Panthera pardus tulliana and Panthera pardus
ciscaucasica, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor had been
traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran
and, partially, Afghanistan. There are currently a few hundred left
in the world.

Range and Population:
The Persian leopard's current range extends over the Middle East and
its total number does not exceed 1,300 individuals. Most of the cats
are found in Iran (550-850 animals) and especially in its
northwestern portion adjoining southern Armenia and Azerbaijan (160-
275; Kiabi et al. 2002). The number in Afghanistan is unknown, but
should be at least several hundred (Habibi 2004); however, today's
rampant leopard fur trade on the Kabul market and over harvest
during and after the long-term civil unrest pose the greatest threat
to survival of this predator in the country (Mishra and Fitzherbert
2004). In northeastern Iraq contiguous to western Iran and
southeastern Turkey and elsewhere in the country, the leopard was
considered rare as early as the late 1950s (Hatt 1959), and now this
war-torn country is believed to no longer contain this carnivore.
The southern edge of Turkmenistan holds 78 to 90 leopards
(Lukarevsky 2001). The most recent and highly mysterious case of
killing an old male leopard in southern Kazakhstan (Shakula 2004)
raises an important question about the cat's status in Uzbekistan
and Tajikistan from where the animal could have come, but since the
late 1970s virtually nothing is known about the leopard in either of
these countries (Lukarevsky 2001). Pakistan's North-West Frontier
Province also holds the Persian leopard population, but of unknown
size (Zulfiqar 2001). Armenia and Azerbaijan together are unlikely
to harbor more than 30 cats, of which a maximum of 10 to 20 may live
in southern and southwestern Armenia (Khorozyan 2003) and the others
roam over Azerbaijan's Naxcivan Republic and in the Talis Mountains
(Askerov 2002). Some transient individuals can penetrate to Georgia;
recently, a good-looking young male was captured by photo-traps in
Vashlovani Reserve in the extreme southeast of the country (Butkhuzi
2004). The presence of the leopard in European Russia's North
Caucasus Mountains is questionable (Semenov 2002), but a sort of
evidence was recently reported for the triangle between the
republics of Daghestan and Ingushetiya, southeastern Georgia, and
northwestern Azerbaijan (Anonymous 2004). It is unknown whether the
leopard from northeastern Turkey close to Georgia belongs to the
Persian subspecies (Baskaya and Bilgili 2004), but it should be
separated from the Caucasus because there are no records from
adjoining parts of southwestern Georgia and western Armenia.

Range and Habitat:
It thrives in Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. Habitat varies from
mountain steppe to grasslands, or anywhere having a reasonable
amount of cover and a supply of prey. Unconfirmed reports of big
cats in the far southeast of Turkey might also pertain to these
animals.

Persian Leopard in Armenia:
In Armenia, the Persian leopards live in the juniper sparse forests
and, to a lesser extent, in arid and mountain grasslands, sub alpine
and alpine meadows. Their haunts are extremely rough and rocky
places with plenty of cliffs. This predator uses the same trails
during regular movements, so knowing where they are, the researcher
can find the evidence of leopard existence such as scats, tracks and
scrapes. The leopard in Armenia is threatened by disturbance,
poaching, and wild fire, but which of these factors are most
stressful for this cat is still unclear. The leopard can also be
found in the Shikahogh State Preserve.

In Armenia, the leopard has coexisted with humans since the Holocene
(ca. 5,000 years ago) and carvings and paintings of it made by
prehistoric people from approximately 3,000 years ago are not
uncommon (Mezhlumyan 1985). Most of them depict the predator hunting
its staple prey, the bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), or being hunted
by men. It was common until the large-scale eradication of all large
carnivores began in the early 1900s when Armenia and other regions
of the Russian Empire were struck by political turmoil and most of
adult population was armed. Before 1972, when at last the leopard
was declared an officially protected mammal and entered the Red Data
Books of Armenia and the USSR as "endangered," it was officially
killed as vermin and for valuable skins, which were sold by hunters
to the governmental stocking centers (Gasparyan and Agadjanyan
1974). As a result, in the mid-1970s the cat has disappeared from
northern Armenia and its entire range shrank to its present status.

Today, the leopard's coarse-scale range extends over southern and
southwestern Armenia from Garni district of Khosrov Reserve down to
Armenian-Iranian state border. It is bounded by the Vardenis and
Geghama ridges in the north, by the Azat River in the northwest and
by plain semi-deserts and croplands of the Ararat Valley in the
west. The landscapes used by the leopard are juniper sparse forests,
arid and mountain grasslands, and sub alpine and alpine meadows,
whereas the semi deserts, nival, and harsh nival zones are ignored
as unfavorable with no proper prey and shelter. The alpine belt is
expected to be suitable only in snow free time, as the predator's
high footing pressure makes it plod and fail to hunt in deep snow
(Pikunov and Korkishko 1992). The weather in these habitats is cold
and misty in winter, rainy and warm in spring and fall, and very hot
and dry in summer. The terrain is very rough, with an array of
canyons, cliffy massifs, and stony substrates. The rugged relief
does not enable leopards to do long stalking, but provides plenty of
opportunities for them to lurk and kill prey by ambush.

Prey sufficiency is the key factor, apart from human impact,
underlying the carnivore's existence. The bezoar goat is quite
common throughout the leopard range, but especially in Khosrov
Reserve, where it makes over 90% of the predator's diet (Khorozyan
and Malkhasyan 2002). The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is widespread, but
is taken very reluctantly in Khosrov and more frequently elsewhere
in southern Armenia (Khorozyan and Malkhasyan 2002). The roe deer
(Capreolus capreolus) lives in southern Armenia and is absent in
Khosrov, and is readily fed upon by the leopard. The Indian crested
porcupine (Hystrix indica) and European hare (Lepus europaeus) are
taken opportunistically. That the wild prey base is sufficient for
the leopard in Armenia is indirectly proved by the fact that the
livestock losses to leopard predation are sporadic and negligible
compared to those inflicted by the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and brown
bear (Ursus arctos).

The long-term persistence of the small, but definitely resident,
population in Armenia implies its connectivity with the much larger
population in northwestern Iran. There are several places along the
borderline Arax River where this river is narrow and shallow and
where the mountain ridges descend from both countries to the
riverside, making them ideal linkages with fords.

Persian Leopard in Azerbaijan:
The Persian leopard lives in the southern regions in Azerbaijan,
primarily in the Talysh Mountains, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan.
It was not clear whether leopards had been extinct in Azerbaijan by
the late 1990s until the species was caught on camera in March 2007
in the Hirkan National Preserve.

Persian Leopard in Georgia:
There are very few leopards left in the wild in Georgia. At present,
they primarily live in dense forests, although several have been
spotted in the lowland plains in the southeastern region of Kakheti
in 2004. Over the last 60 years, there have been several sightings
of the leopard around the Tbilisi area and in the Shida Kartli
province to the northwest of the capital.

Persian Leopard in Persia (Iran):
The main range of this species in Iran closely overlaps with that of
Bezoar Ibex. Hence, it is found throughout Alborz and Zagros
mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian
plateau. Leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat,
loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation.

Traditionally, large populations were found in northern Khorasan,
Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Fars, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Lorestan,
West Azarbaijan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-
Ahmad, and Esfahan provinces. Leopards do not usually enter the deep
desert interior of the country. Apart from Bezoar Ibex, wild sheep,
boar, deer (either Maral red deer or roe deer), and domestic animals
constitute leopards' diet in Iran.

Subspecies:
There is much debate on how many leopard subspecies exist in the
Middle East. Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia,
and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of
the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana
(Valenciennes 1856) and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica (Satunin 1914),
whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor (Pocock 1927) had been
traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran
and, partially, Afghanistan. Current international regulations
consider both P. p. ciscaucasica (Caucasus leopard) and P. p.
saxicolor (Persian leopard) as synonyms and use only one, P. p.
saxicolor (IUCN 2004) because these races are identical
morphologically (Khorozyan 1999) and should be so genetically
(Miththapala et al. 1996), and because the leopards occasionally
move between Iran and Armenia. The name P. p. tulliana (Anatolian
leopard) applies to the leopard in southwestern Turkey.

Historically, the Caucasus was inhabited by three big cats: Asiatic
lion (Panthera leo persica), Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris
virgata), and Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Moreover,
until 15 A.D. the Armenian princes imported the Asiatic cheetahs
(Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), tamed them, and used in high-rank
hunts (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The lion disappeared here in about
10 A.D. (Nowell and Jackson 1996) and the last tiger was shot in
1932 near Prishib village in Talis, Azerbaijan (Gadjiev 2000). The
principal reasons of their disappearance were extermination of
predators and their prey and habitat destruction. Later, this tiger
subspecies had vanished forever and the Asiatic lion is confined now
to a single population in west India. The leopard has outlived them
all, but can be wiped out if the authorities at all levels do not
express more political will and support.

Food and Hunting:
A leopard's diet varies depending on where it thrives. The Persian
leopard's diet varies from small mammals and birds, to larger
animals such as, deer, antelope, Bezoar ibex, and occasionally wild
boar. The animal silently stalks its prey, and then strikes out of
nowhere, ending with a bite to the throat.

Biology:
The Persian leopard has a gestation period of 3-4 months. Females
reach sexual maturity at about two and a half years of age. The
offspring usually consists of 3 cubs.

Threats:
This species is listed as endangered and commercial trade of this
species is prohibited by international law. The Persian leopard has
been threatened due to persecution, habitat loss, and poaching. It
is also one of the animals in western Asia which is suffering from
warfare in its mountain range.

Threats in Armenia:
The leopard in Armenia is threatened by disturbance, poaching, and
wild fire, but which of these factors are most stressful for this
cat is still unclear.

Human disturbance is widespread, especially in spring and early
summer when local people gather edible plants and mushrooms, in fall
when occasional hunts take place in some favorite haunts, and in
late fall when villagers cut trees and collect branches as fuel wood
for winter. Gathering is a century-old tradition of rural Armenians,
which possibly reflects the efforts to compensate the deficiency of
plant proteins and vitamins in their diet. The most popular plants
gathered are horse fennel (local name "bokhi," Hippomarathrum
microcarpum), falcaria ("sibekh," Falcaria vulgaris), and
Astrodaucus orientalis ("mandak") (Takhtajyan, 1973) and the
mushrooms are field blewit (Lepista personata), Pleurotus eryngii,
St. George's mushroom (Calocybegambosum), and field mushroom
(Agaricus campestris) (Nanagulyan 1987). The gatherers disperse over
the slopes and communicate to one another by shouts, so their
behavior poses a serious harassment to animals, particularly to the
ungulates fed upon by the leopard. In response, they become more
vigilant and shy, but rarely escape to other places. The numbers of
gatherers in the period from April to June are significant. For
example, between May 5 and 13 of 2004, 50 gatherers were counted in
Khosrov Reserve. Most of them arrived on foot (42%), horseback (28%)
and on motorcycles (14%), whereas fewer used vehicles and donkeys
(8% each). This information implies that the roadblocks, which are
easily rounded by hikers and horse-riders, would be an inefficient
way to close up the villagers' access to the gathering sites.
Potentially, this problem could be solved by raising public
awareness, but people's motivation to gathering is very strong.

Poaching is traditionally believed to be an important factor of risk
for the leopard, other large carnivores, and its prey, especially
since early 1990s when the newly independent Armenia waged the war
with neighboring Azerbaijan over Nagorno Karabakh and which has
eventually left numerous firearms in local people's hands.
Currently, the narrow isthmus of southern Armenia, which is squeezed
from both sides by Azerbaijan, has been officially considered
a "borderline territory." According to anecdotal information, one
leopard has been killed in Armenia every year or two, mainly as a
result of snow tracking. As the leopard is officially protected and
the poacher will be fined and jailed, all cases are treated in
a "shoot, shovel, and shut up" fashion provoked by human fear.

Wildfire destroys the leopard's favorite habitats and forces it to
move away to other places. The main reason of fire is human neglect,
which can cause ignition during the extremely dry months of June-
September from a single match, piece of glass, campfire ember, or
ashes left by livestock keepers or plant gatherers. The habitat's
propensity for burning is increased because of xeric vegetation,
scarce precipitation, significant tracts of lands covered by
coniferous sparse forests (junipers), strong winds blowing alongside
the slopes and the lack of technical capacities in local
conservation entities to timely quench the fire. Some small plots
can be deliberately burned down, as this practice is still strongly
believed by villagers to stimulate the growth of fodder for their
livestock. Instead, it destroys soil structure and kills soil
invertebrates, small mammals, and ground-nesting birds.

All these threats are expected to closely correlate with human
densities, i.e., the higher densities will intensify pressure and
thus decrease the probabilities of occurrence of the leopard and its
prey. In the meantime, human activities can affect the carnivore
populations also in remote areas with low human densities, so human
attitudes and practices can be more important than density per se
(Cardillo et al. 2004; Woodroffe 2000). However, in most of today's
developing countries where human behaviour and resource use have not
been properly controlled or managed, the probability of large
carnivore extinction is positively related to human density until
favorable wildlife management practices are introduced and enforced
(Linnell et al. 2001). Livestock breeding present in the leopard
range in Armenia at the temporary shepherd camps located far away
from the villages has been tolerable by the leopard, but is a
serious threat to its long-term survival if not properly managed
(Khorozyan 2003). Meantime, the leopard distribution is spatially
completely separated from inhabited settlements.


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Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-
fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina1.html (Part 1) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina2.html (Part
2) &
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina3.html (References).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-
2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia
and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp.
Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Arabica.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia
Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe
between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf,
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
pp. 147-149. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Lion_Palestine.html
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Eine Persönlichkeit aus
Jaffa, Palästina / A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine: Bassam Ali
Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth Year, August 2006. pp.
8-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Bassam_Khalaf.html
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or
Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the
Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein
Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A
Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-
25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic).
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo-%
20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The
Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in
Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische
Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo,
Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007).
Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus
nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre,
Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH.
pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic;
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20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-%
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Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Zum 1. Todestag : Eine
Persönlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palästina / The First Death Anniversary :
A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine : Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu
Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische
Bulletin. Nummer 62, Februar 2007, Muharram 1428 AH. Seite 11.
Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate.
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A
Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni,
Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of
Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64,
April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in
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http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian%
20Sand%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Desert-%20State%20of%20Kuwait
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Qit
Sahrawi (Desert Cat or Sand Cat). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra
(The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
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http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/قط_صحر&#15
75;وي
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D9%88%D9%8A
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The
First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip,
Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65,
May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic,
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The
Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the
State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number
65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Qatar_Sand_Cat.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die
Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle:
Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007,
Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 1-13. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007).
Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a
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5;ت_فلسطين
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AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86
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5;تhttp://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%
D8%A7%D8%AA
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der
Karakal oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776).
Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli
2007, Jamada Al-Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12. Sharjah, Vereinigte
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Um
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2007. (Article in Arabic).
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/أم_ريش&#15
75;ت
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D8%AA
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The
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Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die
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Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain,
United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). Khalaf-
Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007).
Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife
Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic;
References in English and German).
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007).
Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and
Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise
in Palaestina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. Erste Auflage
(First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-
Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic,
German and English).
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Arabica.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1-20.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset
Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza (The Story of Sabrina,
the Gaza Zoo Lioness). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Story in Arabic).
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%
20Zoo%20Lioness
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset
Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina,
the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von
Jaffa, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN
978-9948-03-603-6. English article Website:
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html &
Arabic Story Website: http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%
20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932).
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February
2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Zanzibar_Leopard.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-
Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab
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Khalaf, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Zum 2.
Todestag : Eine Persönlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palästina / The Second
Death Anniversary : A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine : Bassam Ali
Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische
Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 74, Februar 2008, Muharram 1429 AH.
Seite 15. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate.
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1-4.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). The Sri Lanka Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala
1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76,
April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sri_Lanka_Leopard.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a
Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United
Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor,
Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number
77, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html
Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo
d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle:
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 78, June 2008. Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates.
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher
(2008). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-
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