The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932).

By: Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.

Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Zanzibar_Leopard.html

*Note: This Article was published in "Gazelle: The Palestinian
Biological Bulletin". Number 74, February 2008, pp. 1-13.

The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932) is an
elusive and possibly extinct subspecies of leopard endemic to Unguja
Island in the Zanzibar archipelago, part of Tanzania. Increasing
conflict between people and leopards in the 20th century led to
their demonization and determined attempts to exterminate them.
Efforts to develop a leopard conservation programme in the mid-1990s
were shelved when wildlife researchers concluded that there was
little prospect for the animal's long-term survival.

Evolutionary History:
The evolutionary history of the Zanzibar Leopard parallels that of
other endemics on Unguja, including the Zanzibar Servaline Genet and
the Zanzibar Red Colobus. It is thought to have evolved in isolation
from the African Leopard since at least the end of the last ice age,
when the island was separated from mainland Tanzania by rising sea
levels. The founder effect and adaptation to local conditions
produced a smaller leopard than its continental relatives and one
which "changed its spots", or rather saw its more numerous rosettes
partially disintegrate into spots.

Subspecies and Physical Characteristics:
The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) with its local
Kiswahili name "Chui Konge" has a dark colour with a faint spot
pattern and is now thought to be extinct.

There is a second Zanzibar Leopard subspecies (Panthera pardus
tenius) with its local Kiswahili name "Chui Kisutu" and is also
living in Unguja.
Both the two types of leopard recorded are smaller in size than
those on the mainland.
"Chui Kisutu" is lighter in colour with a compact spot pattern and
is still occasionally seen, especially in Southern Unguja.

Biology and Behaviour:
The biology and behaviour of the Zanzibar Leopard are poorly
understood. Only five skins have been located in museums, including
the type specimen in the Natural History Museum, London, and a much-
faded mounted specimen in the Zanzibar Museum. The Zanzibar Leopard
has never been studied in the wild and the last time a researcher
claimed in print to have seen one was in the early 1980s. Most
zoologists presume the Zanzibar Leopard to be extinct or very nearly
so. The population size is totally not known. However, Zanzibar
government statistics indicate that leopards were still being killed
by hunters in the mid-1990s, and islanders continue to report
sightings and the predation of livestock.


Demonization and Extermination:
Rural Zanzibaris' descriptions of the leopard and its habits are
coloured by the widespread belief that a large number of these
carnivores are kept by witches and sent by them to harm or otherwise
harass their fellow villagers and scare them off their homes. This
belief comes together with an elaborate package of ideas about how
leopards are bred, trained, exchanged and sent to do the evil
bidding of their owners. For local farmers this supplies a neat
explanation for predation by leopards, and more generally for their
appearance "out of place" in the vicinity of farms and villages.


The growth of human population and agriculture in the 20th century
was largely responsible for this state of affairs, as people
encroached on the habitat of leopards and the animals they preyed
upon. Increasing conflict with leopards and the fear that this
generated led to a series of campaigns to exterminate them. These
were localized at first, but became island-wide after the Zanzibar
Revolution of 1964, when a combined anti-witchcraft and leopard-
killing campaign was launched under the leadership of Unguja's most
famous witch-finder, Kitanzi. The long-term result of this campaign
and the subsequent classification of leopards as "vermin" were to
bring them to the brink of extinction.
Zanzibar Leopards are associated by local people with witchcraft and
are also hunted for their skins. There are reports that witchdoctors
on the islands keep these leopards in captivity to assist them with
their magic-making and it is possible that "Chui Konge" may still
survive in this context, although it is impossible to substantiate.


Conservation and other Proposals:
Lajos Jozsa (1995) wrote: "The Zanzibar Leopard: Despite of much
ignorance around biologists, this is the world's rarest cat! When I
first heard about the situation of this cat and I saw the
footprints, I contacted the IUCN when I got home. 15 months later,
when the first biologists were finally sent to the Island for a
field-study, there were no more leopards left! The Zanzibar Leopard
at the Zanzibar Museum is the only Zanzibar-leopard that you can
see, and it is stuffed since 1945. There's not even one picture of a
living one! Special: Brown spots, eats fish and is very small!"

Serious attention was not paid to the Zanzibar leopard's plight
until the mid-1990s, by which time some authorities were already
listing it as extinct. A leopard conservation programme was drafted
by the CARE-funded Jozani-Chwaka Bay Conservation Project, but
abandoned in 1997 when wildlife researchers failed to find evidence
for the leopard's continuing presence in and around Jozani Forest.


Local wildlife officials, however, have remained more optimistic
about the leopard's survival, and some Zanzibaris have proposed
approaching alleged leopard keepers in order to ask them to display
their leopards to paying visitors. Villagers sometimes offer to take
tourists or researchers to see "domesticated" leopards in return for
cash, but so far none of these "kept leopard chases" has been known
to end in a successful sighting.


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